Ch 34 Ap Bio

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amniotic

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of or related to the amnion or characterized by developing an amnion; "amniotic membrane"

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anapsids

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oldest known reptiles: turtles; extinct Permian forms

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anthropoids

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Of or belonging to the group of great apes of the family Pongidae, which includes the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan.

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anurans

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An amphibian of the order Salientia (formerly Anura or Batrachia), which includes the frogs and toads.

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apodans

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Caecilians, legless and nearly blind amphibians

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carinates

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birds having keeled breastbones for attachment of flight muscles

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chordates

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Any of numerous animals having at some stage of development a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and gill slits and including all vertebrates and certain marine animals, such as the lancelets.

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Class Amphibia

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a class of subphylum Vertebrata comprising forms (as the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders) that are intermediate in many respects between fishes and reptiles, are cold-blooded with nucleated red blood cells and a 3-chambered heart, and that have gilled aquatic larvae and air-breathing adults

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Class Aves

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birds, have a complete double circulation, oviparous, reproduction, front limbs peculiarly modified as wings; and they bear feathers. All existing birds have a horny beak, without teeth; but some Mesozoic fossil birds (Odontornithes) had conical teeth inserted in both jaws

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Class Chondrichthyes

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a class comprising cartilaginous fishes with well-developed jaws and including the sharks, skates, rays, chimeras, and extinct related forms

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Class Mammalia

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the highest class of the subphylum Vertebrata comprising humans and all other animals that nourish their young with milk secreted by mammary glands, that have the skin usually more or less covered with hair, a mandible articulating directly with the squamosal, a chain of small ear bones, a brain with four optic lobes, a muscular diaphragm separating the heart and lungs from the abdominal cavity, only a left arch of the aorta, warm blood containing red blood cells without nuclei except in the fetus, and embryos developing both an amnion and an allantois, and that except in the monotremes reproduce viviparously

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Class Osteichthyes

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a class of fish having a skeleton composed of bone in addition to cartilage

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Class Reptilia

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class of cold-blooded air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeleton and a body usually covered with scales or horny plates; once the dominant land animals

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cloaca

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The common cavity into which the intestinal, genital, and urinary tracts open in vertebrates such as fish, reptiles, birds, and some primitive mammals.

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Crocodilia

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An order of reptiles including the crocodiles, gavials, alligators, and many extinct kinds.

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diapsids

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Any of various reptiles having a skull with two pairs of temporal openings and including the lizards, snakes, crocodiles, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs.

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ectotherms

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An organism that regulates its body temperature largely by exchanging heat with its surroundings; a poikilotherm.

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egg

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A female gamete; an ovum.

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endothermic

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Of or relating to an organism that generates heat to maintain its body temperature, typically above the temperature of its surroundings; warm-blooded.

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eutherian mammals

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Of or belonging to the infraclass Eutheria, a division of mammals to which all the placental mammals belong.

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lancelets

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Any of various small, flattened marine organisms of the subphylum Cephalochordata, structurally similar to the vertebrates but having a notochord rather than a true vertebral column

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lateral line system

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in fishes, a line of sensory organs along either side of the body, often marked by a distinct line of color.

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lobe-finned fishes

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A member of the subclass Crossopterygii, a group of bony fishes with paired rounded fins, suggesting limbs, that are extinct except for the coelacanths. The lobe-finned fishes are regarded by some as ancestors of amphibians and other terrestrial vertebrates

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lungfishes

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Any of several elongated freshwater fishes of the Amazon, western and central Africa, and Australia that have lunglike organs as well as gills and are able to breathe air, allowing certain species to survive periods of drought inside a mucus-lined cocoon in the mud.

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monotremes

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A member of the Monotremata, an order of primitive egg-laying mammals restricted to Australia and New Guinea and consisting of only the platypus and the echidna.

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Neural crest

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The part of the ectoderm in a vertebrate embryo that lies on either side of the neural tube and develops into the cranial, spinal, and autonomic ganglia

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notochord

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a flexible rodlike structure that forms the supporting axis of the body in the lowest chordates and lowest vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates

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operculum

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a hard flap serving as a cover for (a) the gill slits in fishes or (b) the opening of the shell in certain gastropods when the body is retracted

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oviparous

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Producing eggs that hatch outside the body.

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ovoviviparous

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producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body

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paedogenesis

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reproduction by young or larval animals

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paleoanthropology

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The study of extinct members of the genus Homo sapiens.

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placenta

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A membranous vascular organ that develops in female mammals during pregnancy, lining the uterine wall and partially enveloping the fetus, to which it is attached by the umbilical cord. Following birth, the placenta is expelled.

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placoderms

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Any of various extinct fishes of the Silurian and Devonian periods, characterized by bony plates of armor covering the head and flanks, hinged jaws, and paired fins.

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prosimians

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Of or belonging to the Prosimii, a suborder of primates that includes the lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

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ratites

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Relating to or being any of a group of flightless birds having a flat breastbone without the keellike prominence characteristic of most flying birds.

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ray-finned fishes

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Any of various bony fishes belonging to the subclass Actinopterygii, having fins supported by dermal rays.

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sauropods

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Any of various large semiaquatic saurischian dinosaurs of the suborder Sauropoda, of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

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somites

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A segmental mass of mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo, occurring in pairs along the notochord and developing into muscles and vertebrae.

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Superclass Agnatha

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superclass of eel-shaped chordates lacking jaws and pelvic fins: lampreys; hagfishes; some extinct forms

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Superclass Gnathostomata

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comprising all vertebrates with upper and lower jaws

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swim bladder

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an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy

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synapsids

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extinct reptiles of the Permian to Jurassic considered ancestral to mammals

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tetrapods

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A vertebrate animal with four feet, legs, or leglike appendages.

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therapsids

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Any of various reptiles of the order Therapsida of the Permian and Triassic periods, many of which are considered to be direct ancestors of mammals.

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tunicates

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Any of various chordate marine animals of the subphylum Tunicata or Urochordata having a cylindrical or globular body enclosed in a tough outer covering and including the sea squirts and salps.

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urodeles

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Any of various amphibians of the order Caudata, including the salamanders and newts, in which the larval tail persists in adult life.

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vertebrates

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Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum chordata, subphylum vertebrata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes

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viviparous

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Giving birth to living offspring that develop within the mother's body. Most mammals and some other animals are viviparous.