Ch 32!

Front 1

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is

A) epithelial tissue

B) connective tissue

C) skeletal muscle

D) smooth muscle

Back 1

B

Front 2

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal & its environment?

A) feathers or fur

B) vasoconstriction

C) wind blowing across the body surface

D) countercurrent heat exchanger

Back 2

C

Front 3

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

A) filtration

B) reabsorption

C) active transport

D) secretion

Back 3

A

Front 4

Fish in freshwater that produce urea as a nitrogenous waste have what advantage?

A) urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia

B) small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia

C) the highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to competitors

D) urea forms an insoluble precipitate

Back 4

B

Front 5

Osmoregulation

Back 5

Process based on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids & the external environment

- also based on movement of water, osmosis

Front 6

Ammonia is converted to _____ or _____ for _______.

Back 6

UREA OR URIC ACID;

EXCRETION

Front 7

Filtration

Back 7

The extraction of water & small solutes (including metabolic wastes) from the body fluid

Front 8

Reabsorption

Back 8

Recovery of solutes and water from filtrate

Front 9

Secretion

Back 9

Discharge of wastes from the body fluid into the filtrate

Front 10

Nephrons

Back 10

Tubular unit of the kidney

Front 11

Collecting ducts

Back 11

Where processed filtrate (urine) is collected from the renal tubules

Front 12

Proximal tubule

Back 12

Portion of a nephron immediately downstream from Bowman's Capsule

-conveys & refines filtrate

Front 13

Filtrate

Back 13

Cell- free fluid extracted from the body fluid by the excretory system

Front 14

Loop of Henle

Back 14

-descending & ascending limb

-between proximal & distal tubules

-functions in water & salt reabsorption

Front 15

The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is permeable to {water/salt}, whereas the ascending limb is permeable to {water/salt}

Back 15

WATER;

SALT

Front 16

Distal tubule

Back 16

Portion of nephron

-refines filtrate & empties it into a collecting duct

Front 17

The _______ & _______ regulate K+ and NaCl levels in body fluids.

Back 17

DISTAL TUBULE;

COLLECTING DUCT

Front 18

Renal medulla

Back 18

Inner portion of kidney

-beneath renal cortex

Front 19

Osmolarity

Back 19

Solute concentration expressed as molarity

Front 20

What happens when blood osmolarity rises?

Back 20

Posterior pituitary releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

-which increases permeability to water in collecting ducts by increasing the # of water channels

Front 21

When blood pressure or blood volume drops, the ______ releases _______.

Back 21

JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus);

RENIN

Front 22

What does Angiotensin II do?

Back 22

Formed in response to renin

-constricts arterioles...

-triggers release of aldosterone ...

-which raises blood pressure

Front 23

Osmoconformers are animals that _______________.

Back 23

Have an internal environment isoosmotic with their external environment

Front 24

In a marine environment, animals that are isoosmotic relative to their environment___________________.

Back 24

Experience no net water loss by osmosis

Front 25

Why do freshwater fish excrete a large amount of very dilute urine?

Back 25

Because they live in a hypoosmotic solution, their cells take up excess water that must be excreted.

Front 26

Hypoosmotic

Back 26

Solution with a lesser concentration of solute

Front 27

Most of our nitrogen- containing waste products are a result of__________________.

Back 27

The breakdown of proteins & nucleic acids (or protein metabolism)

Front 28

Most aquatic animals excrete ammonia, whereas land animals excrete urea or uric acid. Why?

Back 28

Ammonia is very toxic, and it takes a lot of water to dilute it.

(b/c aquatic animals have access to so much water, the ammonia they excrete is diluted w/o causing harm)

Front 29

In our bodies, the primary nitrogen-containing compound excreted by our kidneys is _________.

Back 29

UREA

(ammonia is most commonly excreted by aquatic organisms)

organisms)

Front 30

The most effective molecule for nitrogenous waste disposal in desert animals would be ______________.

Back 30

URIC ACID

-b/c it does not require water for excretion

Front 31

Many insects, birds, & other reptiles excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid, which _____________.

Back 31

Forms solids that are relatively insoluble and nontoxic

Front 32

What is a tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

Back 32

Ureter

Front 33

The functional units of kidneys are...

Back 33

Nephrons!

Front 34

The bed of capillaries in a kidney where water, urea, & salts are filtered out of the blood is the _______

Back 34

Glomerulus

Front 35

Where is the Loop of Henle located?

Back 35

Between the proximal tubule & the distal tubule

Front 36

What is filtered from the blood, but not found in urine?

Back 36

Amino acids

Front 37

Is the filtrate formed by the nephrons urine?

Back 37

No! Refined filtrate is urine.

Front 38

Filtrate is refined & concentrated by the processes of ____and____, which form the urine that leaves the body.

Back 38

REABSORPTION & SECRETION

Front 39

What is the most accurate description of the function of the kidneys?

Back 39

The regulation of body fluid composition

Front 40

What do the glomerulus & Bowman's Capsule do?

Back 40

Filter the blood & capture the filtrate

Front 41

What is the source of filtrate?

Back 41

Blood in capillaries

Front 42

What fluid enters nephrons?

Back 42

Filtrate

Front 43

Where does excretion move urine (processed filtrate)?

Back 43

-out of the kidney

-through the ureter

-through the bladder

-out of the body via the urethra

Front 44

Does blood cell formation occur in the nephrons?

Back 44

NO!

Front 45

What happens as filtrate passes through the long Loop of Henle?

Back 45

Salt is removed & concentrated in the interstitial fluid of the kindey medulla

Front 46

Because of high salt concentration, the nephron is able to....

Back 46

Establish a hyperosmotic medullary concentration

Front 47

What is the function of the ascending loop of Henle?

Back 47

It helps maintain the concentration gradient of NaCl in the interstitial fluid,

Thus increasing water reabsorption

Front 48

Where is the lowest osmotic potential inside a nephron?

Back 48

The thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle & the distal tubule

Front 49

What is the function of ADH (AntiDiuretic Hormone)?

Back 49

When solute concentration is high, ADH causes more water to be released from the nephrons to be reabsorbed by the blood

Front 50

Where is ADH secreted from?

Back 50

Pituitary gland

Front 51

Why does ADH get secreted?

Back 51

In response to high blood osmolarity

Front 52

What does ADH cause?

Back 52

Increased permeability to water of a collecting duct

Front 53

What causes JGA (JuxtaGlomerular Apparatus) to be stimulated?

Back 53

A decrease in the blood pressure or blood volume in the afferent arteriole