Ch 32

Front 1

True or false:

animals are multicellular

Back 1

true

Front 2

True or false:

animal cells have cells walls

Back 2

false

they lack cell walls

Front 3

True or false:

animal cells are flexible

Back 3

true

Front 4

What gives animal cells structural support?

Back 4

Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM)

(forms strong fibers outside the cell)

Front 5

What 3 cell junctions play an important role in holding animal cells in place and allowing communication between cells?

Back 5

-anchoring junctions

-tight junctions

-gap junctions

Front 6

True or false:

animals are autotrophs

Back 6

false

animals are heterotrophs

Front 7

3 different modes of feeding among animals:

Back 7

1) suspension feeding - filtering food out of the surrounding water

2) bulk feeding - eating large food pieces (such as carnivores and herbivores)

3) fluid feeding - sucking plant sap or animal body fluids

Front 8

True or false:

Muscle tissue is unique to animals

Back 8

true

Front 9

True or false:

all members of the animal kingdom reproduce sexually

Back 9

false

(certain insects, fish, and lizard species can reproduce asexually)

Front 10

Is internal fertilization more common in terrestrial or aquatic species?

Back 10

terrestrial

Front 11

Is external fertilization more common in terrestrial or aquatic species?

Back 11

aquatic

Front 12

Metamorphosis:

Back 12

process by which an organism changes from a juvenile to an adult form

(thought to reduce competition for food between juveniles and adults)

Front 13

True or false:

metamorphosis is common in arthropods

Back 13

true

Front 14

True or false:

The first animals to evolve were invertebrates

Back 14

true

Front 15

What Eon did the first multicellular animals emerge?

Back 15

the end of the Protozoic eon

Front 16

During the Cambrian explosion (533-525 mya), an abundance of animal phyla appeared, including:

(common names, not scientific)

Back 16

-sponges

-jellyfish

-corals

-flatworms

-mollusks

-annelid worms

-the first arthropods

-echinoderms

Front 17

Three proposed reasons why there was a sudden increase in animal life during the Cambrian explosion:

Back 17

1) favorable environment (warm and wet) with increasing oxygen levels and an ozone layer that blocked out harmful UV rays

2) evolution of Hox gene allowed for variation

3) evolution of new predators caused their prey to develop adaptations to help them avoid their predators; "arms race"

Front 18

What were the first vertebrates?

Back 18

fish

Front 19

True or false:

Fish appeared roughly the same time as the first land plants invaded land

Back 19

true

Front 20

When did the first vertebrates (fish) and the first land plants appear?

Back 20

around 520 mya

Front 21

For colonization of land to occur, certain animal species had to develop what adaptations to enable them to breathe, move, and reproduce?

Back 21

-lungs

-a bony skeleton

-internal fertilization

Front 22

What period did the amniotic egg appear?

Back 22

Carboniferous period

Front 23

Amniotic egg:

Back 23

egg that had a tough protective shell to prevent drying out

Front 24

The amniotic egg was responsible for the success of what animal species?

Back 24

the reptiles

Front 25

True or false:

Mammals appeared at the same time as dinosaurs

Back 25

true

the number and diversity of mammals exploded only after the dinosaurs died out

Front 26

True or false:

Biologists believe the Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic (all evolved from a common ancestor)

Back 26

true

Front 27

Scientists recognize how many animal phyla?

Back 27

about 35

Front 28

Animal diversity is classified by what three morphological and developmental features of animal body plans?

Back 28

1) presence or absence of different tissue types

2) type of body symmetry

3) specific features of embryonic development

Front 29

Collectively, animals are known as _______.

Back 29

Metazoa

Front 30

Metazoa are divided into what two subgroups?

Back 30

-Parazoa (don't possess specialized tissue types or rogans)

-Eumetazoa (have one or more types of tissue and organs)

Front 31

Parazoa:

Back 31

-don't possess specialized tissue types or organs, although they have several distinct types of cells that can change their shape and location

-consists of a single phylum, Porifera (sponges)

Front 32

Eumetazoa:

Back 32

-have one or more types of tissue and different types of organs (a collection of two or more tissues performing a specific function or set of functions)

Front 33

True or false:

Eumetazoa are divided according to their type of symmetry

Back 33

true

Front 34

Radiata:

Back 34

-radially symmetric animals

-can be divided equally by any longitudinal plane passing through the central axis

-these animals are usually circular or tubular in shape

Front 35

Bilateria:

Back 35

-bilaterally symmetric animals

-can be divided along a vertical plane at the midline to create two halves (left side and right side that are mirror images)

Front 36

Parazoa or Eumetazoa?

Back 36

Parazoa

(no tissue types)

Front 37

Parazoa or Eumetazoa?

Back 37

Eumetazoa

Front 38

What type of symmetry?

Back 38

Radiata

Front 39

Parazoa or Eumetazoa?

Back 39

Eumetazoa

Front 40

What type of symmetry?

Back 40

Bilateria

Front 41

Dorsal side:

Back 41

upper side

Front 42

Ventral side:

Back 42

lower side

Front 43

Anterior end:

Back 43

head

Front 44

Posterior end:

Back 44

tail

Front 45

Cephalization:

Back 45

the localization of sensory structures at the anterior end of the body

Front 46

True or false:

the dorsal and ventral sides are identical

Back 46

false

the left and right sides are identical (symmetrical)

Front 47

How many germ layers do radial animals have?

Back 47

two

Front 48

How many germ layers do bilateral animals have?

Back 48

three

Front 49

In all animals except sponges, the growing embryo develops different layers of cells during a process called __________.

Back 49

gastrulation

Front 50

Cleavage:

Back 50

mitotic cell divisions of the zygote

Front 51

Blastula:

Back 51

hollow sphere of cells (produced by cleavage)

Front 52

Gastrula:

Back 52

created when an area in the blastula folds inward

Front 53

Endoderm:

Back 53

inner layer of cells

(lines the archenteron)

Front 54

Archenteron:

Back 54

the primitive digestive tract

Front 55

Ectoderm:

Back 55

outer layer of cells

(covers the surface of the embryo)

Front 56

Mesoderm:

Back 56

third layer of cells between the ectoderm and the endoderm

(forms the muscles and most other organs)

Front 57

Because Bilateria have three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm), they are often referred to as ___________.

Back 57

triploblastic

Front 58

Because Radiata have two germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm), they are often referred to as ___________.

Back 58

diploblastic

Front 59

A)

What is this structure called?

Back 59

Gastrula

Front 60

1

Back 60

endoderm

Front 61

2

Back 61

archenternon

Front 62

3

Back 62

ectoderm

Front 63

4

Back 63

mesoderm

Front 64

5

Back 64

blastopore

Front 65

1

Back 65

zygote

Front 66

2

(on there twice)

Back 66

cleavage

Front 67

3

Back 67

8-cell stage

Front 68

4

Back 68

Blastula

Front 69

5

Back 69

Gastrulation

Front 70

6

Back 70

Gastrula

Front 71

What is this process called?

Back 71

formation of germ layers for Radiata and Bilateria

(only difference is Radiata don't form mesoderm)

Front 72

In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the ______.

Back 72

mouth

(if an anus is formed, it develops from a secondary opening)

Front 73

In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the ______.

Back 73

anus

(if a mouth is formed, it develops from a secondary opening)

Front 74

Determinate cleavage:

Back 74

-protostome development

-the fate of each embryo is determined early; if one of the cells is removed from a four cell protostome embryo, none will become embryos

Front 75

Indeterminate cleavage:

Back 75

-deuterostome development

-each cell produced by early cleavage retains the ability to develop into an embryo; if one cell is removed from a four cell deuterostome embryo, the remaining three can go on to become embryos because other embryonic cells compensate for the missing cell

-ex: in human embryos, if individual embryonic cells separate early in development, identical twins can result

Front 76

In the developing zygote, what two types of cleavage may occur?

Back 76

-spiral cleavage

-radial cleavage

Front 77

Spiral Cleavage:

(aka spiralians)

Back 77

-the planes of cell cleavage are oblique to the vertical axis of the embryo, resulting in newly formed upper cells laying centered between underlying cells

-many protostomes, for example mollusks and annelid worms

Front 78

Radial Cleavage:

Back 78

-the cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the egg, resulting in tiers of cells one directly above the other

-all deuterostomes, and also insects and nematodes

Front 79

Spiral or Radial Cleavage?

Back 79

Radial

Front 80

Determinate or Indeterminate Cleavage?

Back 80

Indeterminate

Front 81

Protostome or Deuterostome?

Back 81

Deuterostome

Front 82

Spiral or Radial Cleavage?

Back 82

Spiral

Front 83

Protostome or Deuterostome?

Back 83

Protostome

Front 84

Determinate or Indeterminate Cleavage?

Back 84

Determinate

Front 85

Coelomates:

Back 85

Animals with a true coelom (a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm)

Front 86

Pseudocoelomates:

Back 86

Animals with a pseudocoelom (a fluid-filled cavity not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm)

Front 87

Acoelomates:

Back 87

Animals that lack a fluid-filled body cavity. Instead, the region contains mesenchyme (a tissue derived from mesoderm)

Front 88

Functions of the coelom: (4)

Back 88

-its fluid cushions internal organs (heart, intestinal tract) helping to prevent injury from external forces

-enables internal organs to move and grow independently of the outer body wall

-functions as a hydrostatic skeleton (a fluid filled body cavity surrounded by muscles that gives support and shape to the body of organisms; ex: earthworms)

-in some organisms, acts as a simple circulatory system

Front 89

What kind of body cavity is this?

Back 89

Acoelomate

(ex- flatworm)

Front 90

What kind of body cavity is this?

Back 90

Coelomate

(ex- earthworm)

Front 91

What kind of body cavity is this?

Back 91

Pseudocoelomate

(ex- nematode)

Front 92

What is the advantage of segmentation?

Back 92

it allows specialization of body regions

Front 93

The site of the cervicothoracic boundary is influenced by which Hox gene?

What does it control?

Back 93

the HoxC-6 gene

controls neck length in vertebrates

Front 94

Ecdysozoa

Back 94

-a new clade of molting animals consisting of the nematodes and arthropods

-all members have an exoskeleton that they shed (molt) when they grow and it becomes too small. They secrete a new larger one

-molting process os called ecdysis

Front 95

Lophotrochozoa

Back 95

-a major protostome clade encompassing mollusks, annelids, and several other phyla

-has a lophophore (crown of ciliated tentacles that generate a current to bring food particles in the mouth)

-has a distinct larval stage called trochophore larva that has a band of cilia around its middle used for swimming