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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organic
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Contains carbon
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macromolecules
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large molecules
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4 major macromolecules
natural polymers |
proteins
nucleic acids carbohydrates lipids |
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Proteins
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made of amino acids
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polymers
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made of many units of monomers
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monomers
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single unit
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Proteins in human body
Naturally occuring |
Enzymes
keratin - hair, skin, nails Collagen-bones, tendons, cartilage Blood cells muscles |
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Structure of proteins
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Primary structure
Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure |
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Primary Structure
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actual amino acid sequence
order they are strunge together |
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Secondary Structure
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initial folding
caused by hydrogen bonding |
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Tertiary Structure
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3-D three - dimensional shape
height, weight, length |
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Quaternary Structure
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spatial arrangement of its sub units
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changing structure or function of protein
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denaturation
ex: raise the temperature cooking and egg lowering pH pickling |
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Nucleic Acids
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Made of nucleotides
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Nucleotides are made of three parts
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5-carbon sugar
phosphate group organic, nitrogenous base (carbon, nitrogen base) |
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2 types of Nucleic Acid
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DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA- ribonucleic acid |
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA |
2 strands - double helix
stores the genetic code never leaves nucleus |
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Ribonucleic Acid
RNA |
single strand
needed to assist DNA carries the code to the ribosoms for protein synthesis can leave nucleus |
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Double Helix
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two strands joined by hydrogen bonding between organic, nitrogenous base
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which pair in dna double helix to form hydrogen bonds
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A - T
C - G A- adenine T- thymine C- cytosine G- guanine |
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Carbohydrates
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made of saccharides
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2 types of saccharides
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disaccharides- simple sugars
polysaccharides- complex carbohydrates |
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simple sugars
disaccharides |
sucrose (table sugar)
lactose glucose, fructose |
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Complex carbohydrates
polysaccharides |
starch
glycogen cellulose chitin |
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Complex carbohydrates good for
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energy storage
structure |
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Plants
complex carbohydrates |
structure - cellulose (cell wall)
energy storage- starch |
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Animals
complex carbohydrates |
structure- chitin (lobster shell)
energy storage- glycogen |
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glycogen stored
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liver
muscles |
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Lipids
cellular lever |
made of fatty acid and glycerol
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adipose
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fat tissue
excess fat on body |
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three types of lipids
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saturated, unsaturated, trans fat
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saturated
longer shelf life tastes better |
hydrogen atoms, not as healthy, solid at room temperature, all carbon single bonds, most of time from animals
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unsaturated
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healthier for you, liquid at room temperature, most of time from plants
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hydrogenation
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turning unsaturated fat into saturated
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what will occur during hydrogenation
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trans fat will occur
linked to heart disease |
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Naturally occuring lipids
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phospholipids (cell membrane)
steroid cholesterol testosterone estradiol rubber waxes pigment |
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Epidemiology
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study of health trends and the transmission of disease
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CDC
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United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Diseases with highest transmission rate in U.S. in 2010
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STD's
Chlamydia top of list |
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Half of the infections are among people
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15 - 24 years old
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67% Most people infected live in
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sub - Sahara Africa
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50% of all adults infected with HIV are
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women
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Prokaryotic Cells
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simple cell, no nucleus, has DNA, no organelles
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Flagellum
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in prokaryotic cells; aids movement (long hairs)
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Pili
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exchange genetic information; small hairs many of them
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examples of prokaryotic cells
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bacteria, archaea
archaea in extreme conditions high temp, high salinity, low pH |
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Eukaryotic cells
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in both plants and animals
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Plasma membrane
(cell membrane) |
phospholipids found in membrane
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cytoplasm
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gel like substance inside cell, simifluid
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mitochondria
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energy producers
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cytoskeleton
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protein fibers, gives some support, shape, and aids in motion
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Nucleus
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command center of cell, where DNA is found
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Nucleolus
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where ribosomes are made
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
E.R. |
carbohydrates and lipids produced
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smooth ER
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no ribosomes
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rough ER
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looks grainy, contains ribosomes, they cling to ER
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Ribosomes
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protein synthesis occurs here; protein made here
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Peroxisomes
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contains enzymes
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Gogli complex
Gogli apparatus |
collects, packages, and distributes molecules throughout the cell
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Centriole
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In Animal Cell ONLY
occurs in pairs, made of microtubules |
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Cell Wall
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Plant cell only
made of cellulose, needed for structure |
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Central Vacuole
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Plant cell only
storage compartment very large |
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Plasmodesmata
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plant cell only
opening in cell wall for communication |
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Chloroplast
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Plant cell only
photosynthesis occurs here, contains chlorophyll |
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Formula for Cellular respiration
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glucose+oxygen yeilds carbon dioxide + water + energy
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Cellular Respiration
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energy production
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How do you get rid of carbon dioxide
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exhale
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2 parts of cellular respiration
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anaerobic (glycolysis)
aerobic (Kreb's cycle) |
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anaerobic
Glycolysis |
without oxygen and occurs in cytoplasm
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aerobic
Kreb's cycle |
with oxygen takes place in mitochondria
energy producers |
