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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell Theory:
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1. cell is function unit of living organism.
2. Activity of cells determines organism 3. principle of complementarity says biochemical activities are result of structures w/in cells |
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We have how many cells in our bodies?
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50-60 trillion.
200 types of cells. shape of cell reflects the function of the cell. |
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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7-8 nm (very small)
bilayer of phospholipid moleculers w/ protein molecules "floating" in them. constantly changing mosaic pattern. |
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Integral Proteins have what main function?
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firmly inserted bilayer, receptors on outside. transmembrane proteins. transport, forming channels, pores or carriers.
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Peripheral proteins are attached to what?
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integral proteins, internally. enzymes change shape of cell for division or muscle contraction.
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Glycocalyx:
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carbs attached to proteins. helps bind adjacent cells. cancer cells change glycocalyx cells.
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Microvilli:
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finger like extensions to increase surface area; absorption and secretion.
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Membranes have what types of junctions?
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Tight, Desmosomes, and Gap Junctions.
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Tight Junctions:
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proteins molecules of plasma membranes fuse; impermeable.
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Desmosomes:
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adhesive spots. complicated structure. skin, heart, uterus.
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Gap junctions:
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allows passage of chemicals between cells. heart, smooth muscle.
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Functions of the Plasma Membrane?
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Passive membrane transport
Active processes |
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Interstitial fluid:
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bathes cells; contains nutrients, wastes, hormones.
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Selective permeability:
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This is the plasma membrane. Proteins kept in, waste out, nutrients taken in. controlled by passive/active processes
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Diffusion:
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molecules scatter evenly through environment down concentration gradient.
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Factors of diffusion:
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1. Concentration differences
2. size of molecules 3. temperature |
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diffusion can only occur if what?
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if the substance is lipid soluble.
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Simple diffusion:
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substances that are non-polar and lipid soluble move easily.
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Osmosis:
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diffusion of a solvent through selectively permeable membrane.
(usually wastes) |
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Osmolarity:
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total concentration of all solute particles in solution.
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hydrostatic pressure:
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back pressure of water against membrane. osmosis will stop when this equals osmotic pressure.
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tonicity: 3 types:
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1. Isotonic
2. Hypertonic: 3. Hypotonic: |
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Isotonic:
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Where there is even amounts of solutes on both sides of the cell.
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Hypertonic:
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higher concentration of non penetrating solutes.
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Hypotonic:
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more dilute; cells will swell.
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Facilitated diffusion:
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some molecules are too large and lipid insoluble to get through membrane, so they require a carrier protein. goes down concentration gradient.
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Filtration:
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water/solutes forced through membrane by hydrostatic pressure. from high to low pressure.
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Active Processes
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Active transport & bulk transport
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Active Transport (solute pumping)
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from low concentration to high concentration. carrier proteins. must move solutes against concentration gradient. require energy.
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Bulk transport:
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movement of large particles by using ATP. Exocytosis, Endocytosis.
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Endocytosis includes?
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Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, & Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Exocytosis:
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neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus. vesicle migrates to the membrane. fuses out and ruptures.
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endocytosis:
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substances enclosed by infolding of plasma membrane.
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Phagocytosis:
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cell eating: bacteria, debris. includes WBC's and macrophages.
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Pinocytosis:
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cell drinking: pinocytoic vessel forms, and nutrients are absorbed.
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis:
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selective; receptors are plasma membrane proteins; insulin, LDL's.
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Cytoplasm Characteristics:
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site of cell activities
cytosol, organelles, inclusions |
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cytosol:
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fluid like substance, primarily water w/ proteins, salts, sugars disolved in it.
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Organelles:
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Endomembrane System
Mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes |
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Endomembrane system:
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each has a membrane and all interact in endomembrane system
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Mitochondria:
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power house of cell
two membranes with inner folded into cristae aerobic cellular respiration |
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Ribosomes:
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composed of proteins and rRNA
Protein synthesis some free in cytoplasm, others on rough ER. |
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Free Ribosomes:
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make soluble proteins that function in cytosol.
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membrane-bound ribosomes:
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make proteins for membranes or export from cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum:
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network of cytoplasm
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Rough Endoplasmic reticulum functions:
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surface covered w/ ribosomes
manufacture of secreted proteins produces integral proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol for membrane. |
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Smooth ER:
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steroid based hormones
absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats, drug detoxification sacroplasmic reticulum in muscles |
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golfi apparatus
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packaging center
secretory vesicles creates lysosomes |
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golgi apparatus: Packaging center:
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modifies concentrates and packages proteins and membranes made at rough ER.
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Secretory vesicles:
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contain proteins; exocytosed from cell
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Lysosomes:
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bags of digestive enzymes
abundant in phagocytes made to digest endocytosis particles (bacteria, viruses, toxins) |
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Peroxisomes:
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contain oxidase enzymes that use O2 to detoxify alcohol, formaldehyde.
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endomembrane system:
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produce, store, export biological molecules and destroy toxins
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cytoskeleton:
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microtubules
microtubules microfilaments intermediate filmanets |
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microtubules:
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composes of tubulin (protein)
in centrosome, near nucleus determine cell shape, and organelle distribution |
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Microfilaments:
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strands of actin
modify or change cell shape |
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intermediate filaments
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insoluble, rough fibers
most permanent with high tensile strength |
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Centrosome:
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area of microtubules containing a pair of organelles called centrioles
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centrioles:
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Primary function is in mitosis with attachment of the mitotic spindl; also form cilia and flagella
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cilia:
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hair like extensions of the cell on exposed surface; respiratory tract
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flagella:
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formed by centrioles, but longer;
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nucleus general characteristics:
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control center of cell
largest organelle, usually spherical or oval |
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multinucleate:
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some cells have more than one nucleus such as skeletal muscle, liver, osteoclasts
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nuclear envelope
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double membrane, each is a phospholipid bilayer.
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nuclear pores:
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points where layers of envelop fuse; makes passage through membrane freer because these pores are relatively large; proteins in, RNA out.
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nucleoli:
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no membrane
one or two per cell produce ribosomes and are larger in growing cells |
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chromatin
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thread like substances in nucleus
DNA and histone proteins |
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chromosomes:
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coiled up in chromatin in cell preparing for mitosis
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interphase:
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growth and cell function. replication of DNA.
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mitotic phase:
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cell division or reproduction
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Interphase
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growth and normal cell function
rapid protein synthesis centrioles replicate at end of phase |
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G1 phase
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DNA replicates
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Prophase:
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chromatin condenses, chromatids held by centromere, nucleoli disappear, centriole pairs separate and prepare for mitotic spindle
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metaphase
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chromosomes line up in center
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anaphase
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chromosomes split, fibers shorten
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telophase
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chromosomes stop moving; uncoil, and nuclear membrane forms as well as nuclei
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Cytokinesis
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cleavage furrow forms
cytoplasmic division |
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Gene:
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DNA segment that codes for a single polypeptide chain.
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triplets:
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three nucleotide base code for a single amino acid.
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RNA types
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tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
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Genetic Code:
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DNA translates to a protein structure (AA sequence)
involves transcription and translation |
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Transcription
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DNA message encoded onto mRNA
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Codon:
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three base sequence corresponding to DNA; U's instead of T's on RNA.
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Translation:
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nucleotide sequence translated to amino acid AA sequence
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Anticodon:
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on tRNA head end while AA is on tail end.
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interstitial fluid:
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fluid between cells
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plasma
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liquid portion of blood
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CSF:
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cerebral spinal fluid
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cellular secretions:
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intestinal and gastric fluid for digestion.
lubricants: saliva mucus, serous. |
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Extracellular Matrix:
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jellylike substance of proteins and polysaccharides secreted by cells that act like cell glue.
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Cancer mutations:
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change in DNA of cell. cancer cells interfere with normal functions of tissue or organ.
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causes of cancer:
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heredity
chemicals or carcinogens ionizing radiation physical irritation diet viruses |
