Ch 28 Sexuality

Front 1

Sexual Health

Back 1

Is “a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity”

Front 2

Infancy and Early Childhood

Back 2

- First 3 years of life are crucial in the development of gender identity
- Child identifies with parent of same sex

Front 3

School-Age Years

Back 3

- Parents, teachers, and peer groups serve as role models
- Knowledge about normal emotional and physical changes associated with puberty will decrease anxiety as these changes begin to happen

Front 4

Puberty/Adolescence

Back 4

- “Am I normal?” and “Will I be accepted?”
- 47% of high school students have had sex at least once
- Adolescence is often a time when individuals explore their primary sexual orientation

Front 5

Middle Adulthood

Back 5

- Decreasing levels of estrogen in the perimenopausal woman lead to diminished vaginal lubrication and decreased vaginal elasticity
- Lead to dyspareunia, or the occurrence of pain during intercourse
- Decreased estrogen can lead to decreased desirer for sexual activity

Front 6

Older Adulthood

Back 6

- Factors that determine sexual activity in older adults include present health status, past and present life satisfaction, and the status of marital or intimate relationships
- Emphasize that sexual activity is not essential to maintaining quality of life
- The excitement phase prolongs in both men and women and it usually takes longer for them to reach orgasm
- The refractory time following orgasm is also longer

Front 7

Sexual Orientation

Back 7

Describes the predominant gender preference of a person’s sexual attraction over time

Front 8

Nonprescription Contraceptive Methods

Back 8

- Include abstinence, barrier methods, and timing of intercourse in regard to the menstrual cycle
- Based on the physiological changes of the menstrual cycle include the rhythm, basal body temperature, cervical mucus, and fertility awareness methods

Front 9

Methods That Require a Health Care Provider’s Intervention

Back 9

- Include hormonal contraception, IUDs, the diaphragm, the cervical cap, and sterilization
- Hormonal contraception alters the hormonal environment to prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus
- IUD makes the lining of the mucus less favorable for the implantation of a fertilized ovum
- Diaphragm
- Woman needs to be refitted after a significant change in weight (10 lb gain or loss) or pregnancy
- Cervical Cap
- Like the diaphragm but covers only the cervix
- Female sterilization
- Tubal ligation
- Involves cutting, tying, or otherwise ligating the fallopian tubes
- Male sterilization
- Vasectomy
- Vas deferens, which carries the sperm away from testicles, is cut and tied

Front 10

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Back 10

- 15 million people in US have STD each year
- 4 million are adolescents
- Treatment of STDs in US costs about $17 billion annually
- Commonly diagnosed STDS include syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and infection with the HPV and herpes simplex virus (HSV) type II (genital wards and genital herpes)
- Gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are caused by bacteria and are usually curable with antibiotics
- 2 diseases of genital herpes and genital warts - caused by viruses and cannot be cured
- Major problem in dealing with STDs is finding and treating people infected
- Common symptoms of STD include discharge from the vagina, penis, or anus; pain during sex or when urinating; blisters or sores in the genital area; fever
- Ears, mouth, throat, tongue, nose, and eyelids are sometimes used for sexual pleasure

Front 11

HIV Infection

Back 11

- Primary routes of transmission include contaminated intravenous (IV) needles, anal intercourse, vaginal intercourse, oral-genital sex, and transfusion of blood and blood products
- HIV is made up of 3 stages
- Primary infection stage
- Lasts for about a month after contracting the virus
- Person experiences flulike symptoms
- Clinical latency phase
- Person has no symptoms of infection
- HIV antibodies appear in the blood about 6 weeks to 3 months following infection
- If left untreated person lives about 10 years
- Last stage - AIDS
- Person begins to show symptoms of disease
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly increased the survival time of persons who live with HIV/AIDS

Front 12

HPV

Back 12

- Genital warts
- Direct contact with warts, semen, and other body fluids from others who have HPV
- About 16% of women have genital HPV
- 80-90% of cervical cancer cases are linked to HPV infection

Front 13

Chlamydia

Back 13

- Most commonly reported bacterial STD in the US affecting about 2.8 million each year
- Infects the genitourinary tract and rectum in adults causes conjunctivitis and pneumonia in newborn babies
- If not treated it causes PID, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and neonatal complications
- Risk of infection is higher in people less than 25 years old
- Considered a silent disease
- Symptoms in women include dysuria, urinary frequency, and purulent vaginal discharge
- Men, it usually infects the urethra nad causes nongonococcal urethritic (NGU)
- Dysuria and urethral discharge are common symptoms of NGU

Front 14

Impact of Pregnancy and Menstruation on Sexuality

Back 14

- Hindu culture a woman avoids worship, cooking, and other members of the family during menstruation
- Female sexual interest tends to increase interest during second trimester and often decreased interest during the first and third trimesters
- Often a decrease in libido during 1st trimester because of nausea, fatigue, and breast tenderness
- 2nd trimester there is an increased blood flow to pelvic area to supply placenta, resulting in increased sexual enjoyment and libido
- 3rd trimester the increased abdominal size often makes finding a comfortable position difficult

Front 15

Abortion

Back 15

- Half of all pregnancies in US are unplanned
- Almost half of unintended pregnancies end in abortion

Front 16

Infertility

Back 16

- Is the inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse
- Choices for the infertile couple include pursuit of adoption, medical assistance with fertilization, or adapting to the probability of remaining childless

Front 17

Sexual dysfunction

Back 17

- Absence of complete sexual functioning is common
- 52% in men and 63% in women
- Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects about 30 million men in US
- Neurogenic problems, medications, or endocrine or psychogenic factors can cause ED
- Sexual dysfunction in women is commonly caused by vaginismus or orgasmic dysfunction
- Physical causes include infection, diabetes, neurological disease, drug or alcohol use, and aging changes

Front 18

Vaginismus

Back 18

Is a spastic contraction or tightening of the vagina during or before penetration for intercourse