• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/111

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

111 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Describe the functions of Testes including key cells & tissue layers.
1. Production of sperm in walls of seminiferous tubules of testes.
2. Production of hormone testosterone via interstitial endocrine cells.
Describe the tunics surrounding testes.
The outer two-layered tunic, tunica vaginalis, derived from an outpocketing of the peritoneum.
Deep to tunica vaginalis is the fibrous capsule of the testis called tunica albuginea.
Explain seminiferous tubules.
The actual "sperm factories" which is the extension of tunica albuginea.
Describe interstitial cells or Leydig cells.
Cells produce androgens (including testosterone), which are secreted into the surrounding interstitial fluid. They lie in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules.
Describe the functions of Epididymis including tissue layers.
Temporary storage of sperm; sperm complete its maturation here.
Coiled tubules.
Describe the functions of Ductus(Vas) Deferens.
Transport sperm from epididymis to the prostate.
How does ductus deferens travel from epididymis to the prostate?
It travels through the inguinal canal, over the surface of the bladder to the prostate.
Describe the structure of Spermatic Cord including tissue layers.
Includes the whole structure of artery, vein, nerves, and vas deferens wrapped in connective tissue.
What is the inguinal canal?
The opening in the body wall (skin and abdominal muscle) which the vas deferens runs though.
What is the ejaculatory duct?
The name of the vas deferens when it is inside the prostate.
Describe the functions of Seminal Vesicles including location.
- Produce and release seminal fluid.
- Paired, located at the base of the posterior bladder, anterior to the rectum
Explain the chemical composition of seminal gland secretion.
Yellowish viscous alkaline fluid containing fructose sugar, ascorbic acid, a coagulating enzyme.
Seminal gland secretion accounts for some 70% of the volume of semen.
Describe the functions of Seminal Vesicles including location.
- Paired glands beneath the bladder.
- A duct of a seminal vesicle joins that of vas deferens to form ejaculatory duct.
- Produce components of seminal fluid and activate sperm.
Explain the chemical composition of prostate gland secretion.
Accounts for up to 1/3 of the semen volume. Milky and slightly acidic fluid containing citrate (a nutrient source); several enzymes (fibrinolysin, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase); prostate specific antigen.
Urethra runs from bladder to where?
External urethra orifice
Urethra are divided into three parts of what?
Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and penile urethra
Urethra fused with what in prostate to become what?
It fuses with ejaculatory duct in prostate to become prostatic urethra.
Describe the functions of Cowper's Glands / Bulbourethra Glands including location.
- Paired glands located at the base of the penis where the urethra enters the penis.
- Produces a thick, clear mucous to lubricate the glans penis when sexual excitement. Also, the mucous neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra just prior to ejaculation.
Describe the functions of Penis including tissue layers.
- Erectile tissue which is hardened by increased blood flow to the 2 corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum.
- Transfer sperm to vagina & contain urethra which serves as an exit for both sperm and urine.
Describe the importance of Scrotum.
Scrotum has a temperature 2-3 degree below body cavity temperature because sperm prefer temp lower than that of the body to thrive. Changes in scrotal surface area help maintain a fairly constant temperature.
Describe the composition of semen.
Sperm + seminal fluid + mucous = semen
Explain where the followings are produced: sperm, seminal fluid, and mucous in semen.
Sperm is produced by testes. Seminal fluid and mucous are produced in small amount initially by testes, and in larger amounts by the prostate, seminal vesicle, and the bulbourethra glands.
Explain the significance of the followings in sperm: sugars, alkaline mucous, and water.
Sugars - nourish the sperm cells
Alkaline mucous - counteracts the acidic pH in the vagina
Water - helps with mobility and with lubrication
Describe the functions of Ovaries.
- Production of eggs & hormones: estrogen and progesterone.
- Site of oogenesis, which is development of mature follicle containing secondary oocyte via meiosis.
Hormones in ovaries are produced by what?
By the endocrine follicular cells surrounding the developing oocyte.
Describe the functions of Fallopian Tubes.
- Recieve secondary oocyte from ovary at ovulation, and then transport it to uterus.
- Site of fertilization in upper third; combining of mature ova and sperm.
Fallopian tubes are directly connected to ovaries. True or False?
False: not directory connected.
Describe the tissue of uterine tubes.
They contain sheets of smooth muscle, and its thick folded mucosa is ciliated columnar ET lining.
Describe the functions of Uterus.
House and nourish developing fetus.
Describe the tissue layers of Uterus.
Myometrium - thick smooth muscular layer.
Endometrium - mucosal lining of the uterus; epithelial and connective tissue with lots of blood vessels & glands, where placenta develops and fetus implants.
Describe the function and tissue layers of Cervix.
Effaces (thins) and dilates in labor.
Narrowed extension of myometrium muscle.
Describe the functions of Vagina.
- Recieves penis and ejaculated sperm during intercourse.
- Passage of fetus frm uterus at delivery (birth canal)
Vaginal orifice forms what?
Hymen which is very vascular and may bleed when it is stretched or ruputured during the first coitus
Describe the Labia Major.
Hair-covered fatty outer skin folds in vulva.
Describe the Labia Minor.
Inner set of folds which are secretory membrane & enclosed by labia major.
Describe the Vestibule.
Protected area inside inner labia minor containing vestibular glands which secrete fluids to lubricate genitals during intercourse.
Describe the function and tissue of Clitoris.
Erectile tissue involved in sexual stimulation and arousal.
Describe the function of Alveolar Glands.
- Produce milk into lactiferous ductus under hormonal influences during pregnancy.
- Pass milk into lactiferous ducts which dilate into lactiferous sinuses as approach nipple in areola; milk accumulates in sinuses until ejected.
Describe the function of Mammary Glands.
Modified sweat glands; each gland consists of approx. 20 lobes subdivided into lobules of alveolar glands.
Describe the function of Ovarian Ligament.
It anchors the ovary medially to the uterus.
Describe the function of Suspensory Ligament.
It anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wall.
Describe the function of Broad Ligament.
A peritoneal fold which tents over the uterus and supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina. Suspensory ligament is part of this.
Describe the meiosis in terms of the number of chromosomes.
Meiosis is the division of one diploid (2N) parent cell nucleus to produce 4 haploid (N) nuclei gametes/sex cells.
Describe the difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of daughter cell number and genetic composition.
In mitosis, 2 daughter cells; each daughter cell of mitosis receives a full set of chromosomes identical to that of the mother cell.
In meiosis, 4 daughter cells; each haploid cell contains half as many chromosomes as the mother cell and is genetically different from the mother cell.
Describe the difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of number of divisions.
Mitosis - one; consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Meiosis - two; consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. DNA replication does not occur between the two nuclear division.
Meiosis is initiated when?
Upon sexual maturation under control of reproductive hormones.
State the examples of meiosis in human.
Male pubrety -> daily, continuous production of haploid sperm by meiosis.
Female puberty -> monthly cyclical production of single haploid egg by meiosis.
Describe the details of meiosis I.
Interphase: DNA replication in diploid parent cell.
Prophase I: synapses of homologous chromosomes to form tetrads & crossing over of genetic information.
Metaphase I: tetrads align randomely on the spindle equator.
Anaphase I: homologous separate and the dyads move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase I: 2 haploid daughter cells with double-stranded chromosomes
Describe the details about meiosis II in general.
No interphase
Prophase II: 2 haploid cells-double-stranded chromosomes appear.
Metaphase II: ligh up singly.
Anaphase II: centromere duplicates; chromatids separate.
Telophase II: 4 unique haploid daughter cells with single-stranded chromosomes.
2 haploid cells -> 4 haploid cells (each is genetically different from original mother cell)
Why is meiosis I called "the reduction division of meiosis"?
It reduces the chromosomes number from 2n to n.
In prophase of meiosis I, an event never seen in mitosis (nor meiosis II) occurs. What is it?
The replicated chromosomes seek out their homologous partners and pair up with them along their entire length called synapsis.
Describe the crossover during synapsis.
They are formed within each tetrad as the free ends of one maternal and one paternal chromatid wrap around each other at one or more points, allowing exchange of genetic material between the paired maternal and paternal chromosomes.
Why is meiosis II called "the equational division of meiosis"?
The chromatids are distributed equally to the daughter cells.
Define the spermatogenesis.
The sequence of events in the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produces male gametes via meiosis.
Describe the division I of spermatogenesis.
1. Stem cell (diploid spermatogonium) enlarges/grows to diploid primary spermatocyte
2. Primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I which it reduces the number of chromosomes by half from 1 diploid 2n cell to 2 haploid n cells (secondary spermatocyte).
Describe the division II of spermatogenesis.
2 haploid secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II -> produce 4 haploid n cells called spermatids.
Describe the spermiogenesis.
4 spermatids undergo a specialization/differentiation process -> form an acrosomal cap of enzymes, a midpiece of mitochondria, and a flagellar tail piece plus the haploid nucleus.
What is the end product of completion of spermiogenesis?
4 spermatozoas (sperm)
Describe the structure and function of midpiece of a mature sperm cell.
It contains mitochondria spiraled tightly around the microtubules of the tail. Mitochondria provide the metabolic energy (ATP) needed for the whiplike movements of the tail that will propel the sperm along its way in the female reproductive tract.
Describe the structure and function of head of a mature sperm cell.
It consists almost entirely of its flattened nucleus, which contains the compacted DNA. The head is adhered by acrosome, which is produced by the Golgi apparatus and contains hydrolytic enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate and enter an egg.
Describe the structure and function of tail of a mature sperm cell.
The long tail is a typical flagellum produced by one centriole near the nucleus. The mitocondria provide ATP needed for th whiplike movements of the tail that will propel the sperm along its way in the female reproductive tract.
Describe how FSH and LH are initiated.
During puberty, the hypothalamus sends releasing factors to the anterior pituitary, which triggers the release of FSH and LH a.k.a. ICSH.
FSH and LH in male target where individually?
FSH targets seminiferous tubules of testes.
LH targets interstitial cells in testes.
How does FSH initiate and maintain meiosis in male?
FSH actually causes the sustentacular cells in the seminiferous tubules to produce ABP (androgen-binding protein). ABP binds testosterone to the spermatogenic cells, and testosterone actually regulate the rate of meiotic production of sperm from spermatogonium.
FSH in male stimulates what?
Sperm production by stimulating release of ABP & sertoli/nurse cells to produce inhibin.
LH/ICSH stimulates what?
LH binds to the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone -> developing secondary traits such as muscle mass, hair, and voice code & maintain sex drive,
Describe the feedback loop of LH in male.
Testosterone feeds back to both hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to control LH release via negative feedback loop.
Describe the feedback loop of FSH in male.
Inhibin controls FSH release by negative feedback loop in order to maintain sperm production constantly.
Define the inhibin.
A protein hormone produced by sertoli/nurse cells, which controls FSH release by negative feedback loop to anterior pituitary.
When sperm count is high, what will follow?
Inhibin release increases, and it inhibits anterior pituitary release of FSH and hypothalamic release of GnRH.
When sperm count falls, what will follow?
Inhibin secretion declines deeply.
Rising level of testosterone cause what?
Inhibit hypothalamic release of GnRH and act directly on the anterior pituitary to inhibit release of LH.
Describe the secondary sex traits which develop in the male with the onset of puberty.
Growth of axillary hair, changes in the larynx, increase in muscle mass, and bone growth spurt.
Erection of the penis is an example of what?
One of the rare examples of parasympathectic control of arterioles.
How is erection initiated?
CNS responds to sexual stimuli by activating parasympathetic neurons that innervate the internal pudendal arteries serving the penis.
Ejaculation is under parasympathectic control. True or False?
False: ejaculation is under sympathectic control.
How is ejaculation initiated?
When impulses provoking erection reach a certain critical level, a spinal reflex is initiated, and a massive discharge of nerve impulses occurs over the sympathetic nerves serving the genital organs.
Describe how FSH and LH are initiated in female reproductive system.
Begins at puberty, when hypothalamus sends releasing factors to the anterior pituitary, which in turn releases FSH and LH
FSH of female targets what?
FSH targets the ovary, influencing the oocyte/follicle development.
LH of female targets what?
LH causes the follicular cells' production of estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen and progesterone main target are what during luteal phase?
Endometrium development in the uterus.
Menstrual cycle continues until when?
Until menopause, which is the end of the menstrual cycle, occurring somewhere around age 50.
Define the oogenesis.
Development of mature follicle containing secondary oocyte via meiosis.
Describe the meiosis I in oogenesis.
In female fetuses, diploid (2n) oogium enlarges into primary oocytes and then begins to undergo meiosis I -> prophase I. Stays in this state from birth until puberty. At puberty, FSH stimulates primary oocytes to complete Meiosis I, and one haploid secondary oocyte and one haploid polar body are produced.
When does ovulation occur?
Ovulation occurs when meiosis II have already started and stayed in metaphase II.
Describe the meiosis II in oogenesis.
1. Haploid secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase II) is ovulated.
2. If an ovulated secondary oocyte is not penetrated by a sperm, it simply deteriorates.
3. If sperm penetration occurs, the oocyte quickly completes meiosis II to yield one large ovum and a tiny second polar body.
Ovary produces what and from where?
Estrogen and progesterone by the endocrine follicular cells surrounding the developing oocyte.
What produces estrogen and progesterone after ovulation?
Follicular cells, called the corpus luteum, remain in the ovary and become temporary endocrine glands
Name the cells in order in follicle development in ovary
Primordal follicle (before birth & infancy) -> primary follicle (each month after puberty to menopause) -> secondary follicle (each month after puberty to menopause)
Primary oocyte becomes secondary oocyte during her childfood. True or False?
False: primary oocyte is arrested in prophase I until there is a LH surge at puberty.
If pregnancy does not occur, what happens to corpus luteum?
Corpus luteum starts degenerating in about 10 days and its hormonal output ends. It becomes non-functional corpus albicans.
The potential end product of oogenesis are what?
Three tiny polar bodies and one large ovum.
Why are 3 haploid cells destined to die?
Due to unequal division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis) in order to provide enough nutrients to one ovum.
First polar body in oogenesis is produced when?
When meiosis one is completed by one primary oocyte each month.
Name the events of ovarian cycle in order.
Day 1-13: pre-ovulatory/follicular phase
Day 14-15: ovulation
Day 16-28: post-ovulatory/luteal phase
Describe the menstrual phase.
- Drop in progesterone due to lack of LH.
- Breakdown of the endometrium.
- Bloodflow, cellular debris, and unfertilized secondary oocyte are released.
Describe the follicular phase.
- Low progesterone level turns on high FSH and some LH production via a negative feedback loop.
- New follicular cells produce mostly estrogen but also some progesterone.
- Estrogen targets the endometrium and begins to rebuild uterine lining.
Describe the ovulation.
- High estrogen level produced by the new follicular cells triggers an LH surge (via positive feedback loop) and a slowdown of FSH release (negative feedback loop)
- LH rises and estrogen peak causes the release of a secondary oocyte (which is part way through meiosis II) from a mature vesicular follicle.
Describe the luteal phase.
- Follicular cells remain in ovary and form corpus luteum. Under the influence of LH, they begin production of mostly progesterone and a small amount of estrogen, which finish formation of endometrium for implantation of embryo.
Rising progesterone level during luteal phase causes what?
Rising progesterone level shuts off LH via negative feedback loop and starts FSH (positive feedback loop)
Drop of LH during luteal phase causes what?
Drop of LH causes the corpus luteum to begin to degenerate which results in a drop of progesterone and menses occur.
If the oocyte is fertilized and pregnancy ensues, what will happen to corpus luteum?
It persists staying until the placenta is ready to take over its hormone-producing duties in about 3 months.
What is the hormonal change which triggers ovulation?
Estrogen reaches a peak -> positive feedback on the anterior pituitary -> LH surge.
What is the hormonal change which triggers menstruation?
LH drop, which causes corpus luteum degeneration -> progesterone drop -> no more maintenance of endometrium -> menstruation
High estrogen surge causes endometorium to what?
High estrogen surge starts to build thick-covering layers of endometorium.
Progesterone rise during secretory phase is positive feedback loop. True or False?
False: rise of progesterone shuts off LH and FSH release, which is a negative feedback loop.
Describe the female sexual arousal and orgasm.
Sexual arousal is under control of parasympathetic system, and organism is under control of sympathetic system.
Which hormone causes the oocyte to mature?
FSH: FSH stimulates the follicular cells and oocyte.
Crossing over occurs during prophase I. True or False?
True. This is when chromosomes form tetrads.
The important functions of testosterone is a major stimulus for sperm production by meiosis. True or False?
False: while testosterone through ABP does help control the rate of sperm production, it is not the major force. It is FSH!
Testosterone functions as sex drive in both males and females. True or False?
True: testosterone that controls female libido.