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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are bacteria?
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-Prokaryotic
-Cell walls of peptidoglycan -Plasma membranes similar to eukaryotes -Distinct ribosomes -RNA polymerase |
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What are Archaea?
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-Prokaryotic
-Unicellular -Cell walls of polysaccharides -Ribosomes and RNA polymerase similar to eukaryotes -No archaea cause disease |
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Bioremediation
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Use of bacteria and archaea to degrade pollutants by fertilizing contaminated sites to encourage the growth of existing bacteria that degrade toxic compounds and adding specific species of bacteria to contaminated sites
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Extremophiles
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Live high-salt, high-temperature, low-temperature, or high-pressure habitats
-studied by astrobiologists |
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Cyanobacteria
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-first organisms to perform oxygenic photosynthesis
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Nitrogen Fixation
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Eukaryotes and many bacteria and archaea must obtain nitrogen from ammonia or nitrate so they are fixed
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Diseases caused by Bacteria
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Lyme disease
Genital tract infection Food poisoning (botulism) Tetanus Ear infections, meningitis Ulcer Leprosy Tuberculosis Gonorrhea Acne Infections of eye, ear, urinary tract Food poisoning Acne, boils, impetigo, toxic shock syndrome Pneumonia Strep throat, scarlet fever Syphilis Food poisoning Plague |
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Enrichment cultures
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Establishing a specific set of growing conditions and are used to isolate new types of bacteria and archaea
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Direct sequencing
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Documenting the presence of bacteria and archaea that cannot be grown in culture and studied in the lab
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Gram Positive
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-Purple
-Extensive peptidoglycan |
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Gram Negative
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-Pink
-Some peptidoglycan and an outer membrane |
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Reproduction in Archaea and Bacteria
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Fission- splitting of cell into two daughter cells
Conjugation- bacterial cells transfer plasmids (extracellular loops of DNA) uses conjugation tube |
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Phototroph
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Use light energy. ATP is produced by photophosphorylation
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Organotroph
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Oxidize organic molecules. ATP is produced by cellular respiration or fermentation
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Lithotroph
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Oxidize inorganic molecules. ATP is produced by cellular respiration with the inorganic compound serving as electron donor
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Autotroph
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Manufacture own carbon-containing compounds
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Heterotroph
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Acquire carbon-containing compounds by consuming other organisms
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Cellular respiration
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Molecule with high potential energy serves as electron donor and is oxidized, whereas a molecule with low potential energy serves as a final electron acceptor and is reduced. Potential energy difference is converted into ATP
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Fermentation
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-Makes ATP without using electron transport chains
-No electron acceptor is reduced -Redox reactions are internally balanced |
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Photosynthesis
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-Phototrophs can use energy in light to synthesize ATP
-Can use different wavelengths |
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Calvin cycle
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-Transform CO2 to organic molecules
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Methanotrophs
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Use methane as their primary electron donor and carbon source
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Key Lineages of Bacteria
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Some- Spirochaetes
Crunk- Chlamydiales Hippies- Can't- Love- Passionately |
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Spirochaetes
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SOME
Mary -Spiral -Lyme disease -Syphilis -Leptospirosis -Gram negative |
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Chlamydiales
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CRUNK
Frannie -Spherical -Tiny -Parasitic -Chlamydia |
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High GC Gram Positive
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HIPPIES
Pete -Various shapes -Mycelia -Antibiotics -Tuberculosis -Leprosy -Give soil its smell |
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Cyanobacteria
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CAN'T
-First photosynthetic -Marine and freshwater -Some are colonial -Live in associates with fungi, forming lichens |
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Low GC Gram Positive
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LOVE
Ellyn -Anthrax -Botulism -Tetanus -Gangrene -Strep throat -Yogurt |
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Proteobacteria
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PASSIONATELY
Sam -Legionnaire’s disease -Cholera -Dysentery -Gonorrhea -Vinegars -Gram negative |
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Crenarchoaeota
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Only life-forms present in certain extreme environments, such as high-pressure, very hot, very cold, or very acidic environments
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Euryarchaeota
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Live in every conceivable habitat
-Include methanogens |