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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Enclosures
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Larger fields allowing farmers to use new seeding and harvesting methods.
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Jethro Tull's Seed Drill
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One of the first scientific farmers, Jethro Tull, created an invention called the seed method to solve the problem of seeds failing to take root. This drill allowed farmers to sow Seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths. The result of this invention boosted crop yields.
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Crop Rotation
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- is a process proved to be one of the best developments of scientific farmers. It improved old methods of crop rotation including the medieval three-field system. Restores soil nutrients allowing next season to plant other crops that absorb nutrients.
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John Kay
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1733, (flying) shuttle doubled the work of a weaver
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James Hargreaves
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1764, spinning wheel called jenny allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time
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Richard Arkwright
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1769, the water frame machine used waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels, speed up spinners and less human work
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Samuel Crompton
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1779, spinning mule made strong and finer and more consistent threads
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Edmund Cartwright
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1787, power loom sped up weaving altogether
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Eli Whitney
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1793, a machine to speed the chore multiplied amount of cotton farmed and cleaned (faster time)
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James Watt
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a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel cheaper, faster, and better for the environment to travel with his engine
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Robert Fulton
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1807, steamboat helped travel on boats go faster and more efficiently
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George Stephenson
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1820s, 20 engines and four locomotives increased railroad travel
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Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776
"Invisible hand" |
Smith was a professor who defended the idea of a free economy/free market. Smith believed that less is more, and that if the government did not direct the people then it would result in social harmony, and the government in turn would act as an invisible hand. After Smith’s death people learned about his own invisible hand of donating large sums of his income to charities.
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Thomas Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798 "Malthusian equation"
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Malthus wrote an essay in which covered his principle of population. Malthus believed that the human population would increase more rapidly than food supply. He also thought that without wars and epidemics to kill off humans then the population would increase leaving more in the world of poverty to be miserable. Malthus beliefs and thoughts started happening and be coming true in the 1840s.
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David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817
"Iron law of wages" |
Ricardo was a wealthy stockbroker that believed in the “iron law of wages”, meaning that he argued that because of population growth wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving.
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Jeremy Bentham
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Introduced utilitarianism, and wrote his most famous works in the late 1700s, in which he argued that people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions based on their usefulness, that the government should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people, and that in general the individual should be free to pursuer his or her own advantage without interference from the state.
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John Stuart Mill, On Liberty
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Mill was a philosopher and economist that led the utilitarianism movement in the 1800s. Mill questioned unregulated capitalism, believed it was wrong that works live deprived lives, and wished to help ordinary workers with policies to give them equality and profits, and lastly favored a cooperative system of agriculture and women’s and voting rights. Mill also called the government to get rid of the great differences of wealth.
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Utopian Socialism
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People create communes of their own free will
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Robert Owen
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A British factory owner, whom was socked by the misery and poverty of the working class, improved working conditions for his employees by banning children under the age of 10 to working in mills near his factories and at his factories, and also provided schooling for these children.
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Charles Fourier, Saint-Simon
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Two French reformers whom sought to offset the effects of industrialization with a new kind of economic system called socialism.
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Louis Blanc
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?????
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Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto (with Freidrich Engels)
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1848, a. History = class struggle between bourgeois (employers) and proletariat (workers)
Marx believed that the communist manifesto meant that there were always two warring classes and at the time these were the bourgeois and the proletariat. b. Stages of history and the end of capitalism, "dictatorship of the proletariat," and finally pure communism as government withers away Marx also believed that the proletariats were so low in ranking that they had nothing to lose but their chains and had the world to win. Marx then thought because of this, and because the proletariats were the largest class they would revolt and seize the factories, make their own product, make money, and share to the other proletariats and bring economic equality, ending in the workers controlling the government. c. Economic determinism ??? |
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Francis Cabot Lowell
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In 1813, Lowell and four other investors revolutionized the American textile industry by mechanizing every stage in the manufacture of cloths. Their weaving factory made so much money that they were able to fund another bigger operation in Massachusetts. When Lowell died the town their operation was in was named after him; Lowell, Massachusetts.
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Corporation
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is a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits, but are not personally responsible for its debts.
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Global Inequality
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Because of the way Britain’s social classes formed due to the industrial revolution, other countries that adopted the ways of industrialism also adopted the social forms and habits; having the well to do own the factories and making the majority of the profits, and the works labor away in the factories making little to no money allowing generation to generation to continue this cycle of class.
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How did the industrial revolution transform America between 1840-1890?
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In the United States the railroads and transportation increased and transformed between 1840 to 1890.
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How did the idea of the corporation change business forever?
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Allowed businesses to raise more money and advance technology, and to give more control to the average people who bought stocks, rather than just create their own business.
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Why did imperialism grow out of industrialization?
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Imperialism, the policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands, gave even more power and wealth to there already wealthy nations, thus imperialism was born out of the cycle of industrialization.
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Public Interest
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Collective Bargaining
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Standard of Living
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-No sanitary codes or building controls
-Long work hours -Many injuries -Children had to work -Workers were beaten, especially children -Lack of adequate housing, education, and police protection -Lack of running water and indoor plumbing -Frequent epidemics sweeping through slums -Eventually, better housing, healthier diets, and cheaper clothing |
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When and where did the Agricultural Revolution begin?
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In the 1700s in England
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How did the Agricultural Revolution lead to the Industrial Revolution? (hint: population is the key)
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Considering the population there was lots of demand for resources from the people this led to lots of supplies, and industrialization/machine production of goods required the natural resources in possession…by Britian.
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List the advantages Britain had that help explain why industrialization began there.
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Natural Resources
-Smaller population (less demand from country able to sell excess to others outside making more outside money) -Water power and coal to fuel the waterpower machines -Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and building -Rivers for inland transportation -Harbors from which merchants and ship could set sail allowing easy, convenient trade -Expanding economy to support the change of the revolution -Factors of the production: land, labor, and capital (wealth) |
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Define the classes in the new social class system that emerged with the Industrial Revolution. Why did it cause tension—who benefited and who did not?
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A social class of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers.
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workers who, between 1811 and 1816, smashed machines in factories, as a protest against the negative changes in their lives brought on by the Industrial Revolution. These workers were called Luddites. Do you think machines were the cause of these workers' problems? Why or why not?
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No, it was the workers frustrated with the higher class, whom didn’t suffer the labor they had to go through with the machines, risk of injury, and even possible death of having the machines, thus they want this revolution to stop because they could not, as a class, regain liveliness they once had with manual labor known that the higher class was at least not as well of as they were with the machines.
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List the benefits and positive effects of the Industrial Revolution.
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Pros:
-Cloths -Heat -Food -Goods -More options and faster ways of transportation Cons: -FIRST QUESTION HAS THIS ANSWER -No sanitary codes or building controls -Long work hours -Many injuries -Children had to work -Workers were beaten, especially children -Lack of adequate housing, education, and police protection -Lack of running water and indoor plumbing -Frequent epidemics sweeping through slums |
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Was the misery caused by the Industrial Revolution a fair trade off for the technological advances it brought? Was (is?) progress worth such a cost? Why or why not?
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-I mean I think it wasn’t worth polluting our earth, and bringing even more hardship to the laborers, however I believe it was evitable process and progress our species was going to have to face, and these consequences would have been met one way or another, so maybe its better sooner than later because then our race can have more time and more progress in our technology, but in the long run we need somewhere to live and if we kill our home the planet, we’re …screwed.
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How did labor unions help workers?
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Unions spoke for all workers in a particular trade called collective bargaining, where negotiations took place between the workers and their employers. This also workers to bargain for better working conditions and pay, and if the conditions were not met they the union members could strike.
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List the reform laws passed by Parliament that made life better for English workers. Do you think these measures sufficiently improved their lives? Why or why not?
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-Illegal to hire children under the age of 9 years old
-Children from 9-12 years old could not work more than 8 hours a day -Children from 13 to 17 could not work more than 12 hours a day -Mine Act prevented women and children from working in the under ground -Limited a work day to 10 hours for women and children I do not think these regulations helped because the workers could have come up with these rules to obey on their own individually, and it just made the government interfere more in their difficult lives, and it was unnecessary. It’s not like they want to work, but they were required to in order to survive, and also if the family needed money to eat and had to work longer to survive then they should be allowed to work even if it was extreme labor they went or needed to go through. |
