Ch 24

Front 1

The word fungi comes from

Back 1

the latin word mushroom

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how many types of fungi are there?

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100,000 that we know of

Front 3

In the past, scientists believed they were most like

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plants bc they have similar structures and cannot move

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they are actually more like

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animals bc their genomes are more similar to animals, and they are heterotrophic (cannot perform photosynthesis)

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All fungi reproduce

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asexually

Front 6

some can also reproduce

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sexually

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Mycology

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The study of fungi

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Characteristics

Back 8

Eukaryotic.

DNA is wrapped around histones.

Have mitochondria, ER, and golgi bodies.

Have cell wall made of chitin

Some have flagella (only when reproducing).

Color comes from different pigments, some of which are toxic.

Front 9

chitin

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exoskeleton

Front 10

vegetative body (thallus)

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part that is just growing, not reproducing

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Most fungi are

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multicellular

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Hyphae-

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makes up thallus, long thread-like fibers.

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When there are multiple hyphae together

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it is called a mycelium.

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coenocytic hyphae

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When a hyphae does not have a cell wall

Front 15

Fungi mostly live in

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moist, acidic environments. Don’t need light.

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Obligatory aerobes

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always need oxygen

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Obligatory anaerobes-

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never need oxygen (rumen of cows)

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Facultative anaerobes-

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can survive with or without oxygen (yeast to make beer)

Front 19

Unlike animals, Fungi

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digest their food outside of themselves, and then ingest

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how?

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Hyphae release Exoenzymes break food down, hyphae brings in smaller molecules

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Fungi store their excess food as

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glycogen like animals

Front 22

Fungi are mostly

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saprobes (get nutrients from decaying organic material) plants

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some are

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parasitic, can affect plants and animals

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Some can be mutualistic,

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the ones in the roots, the fungus and tree both benefit

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Perfect

Back 25

can reproduce sexually and asexually

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Imperfect

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can only reproduce asexually

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All fungi make spores to

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spread themselves

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3 ways they can reproduce asexually by mitosis

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Fragmentation. Budding. Through spores.

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Sexual reproduction gives

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sexual variation. Usually because of bad conditions.

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Sexual reproduction

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Requires 2 types, positive/negative

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Homothallic

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when both mating types come from the same mycelium, self fertilized

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Heterothallic-

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when mates come from two different mycelium

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1st stage of sexual reproduction

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Plasmogamy- two haploid cells fuse and the two nuclei stay separate (dikaryotic stage)

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2nd stage

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Karyogomy- two nuclei fuse together, creates diploid zygote nucleus, shortest step in most fungi, not mushrooms though

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3rd stage

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Meiosis- creates haploid spores that will be released to the environment

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Chytrids

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simplest, usually unicellular, oldest, spores and flagella used to move to new locations, if it is multicellular it has coenocytic hyphae

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Conjugated Fungi

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Create a bridge between them, includes bread mold, coenocytic hyphae (no wall).Sexual reproduction- positive and negative hyphae get close together, they form extensions that fuse together, form a zygosporangium (plasmogamy), nuclei fuse together (karyogamy), meiosis- to create haploid sporangium at the end of a stalk.

Front 38

Sac Fungi

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Largest group of fungi, ex; baking yeast, reproduction- a male (antheridium) and female part (ascogonium) fuse together without fusing nuclei (plasmogamy) and they do mitosis (make cells identical) to form an ascocarp, the two nuclei in the cell at the end (ascus) fuse together, meiosis produces haploid spores

Front 39

Club Fungi Characteristics

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Mushrooms.Contains most edible fungi. Only fungi that live majority of their life as diploid organisms. Can also be called gill fungi bc they have gills under their caps. Shelf fungi that grow on side of trees. Club fungi make circles called fairy rings.

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Club Fungi Life Cycle

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two mating types fuse together (plasmogamy), does mitosis forming identical cells that have two separate nuclei that form the body of the mushroom, nuclei in the basidia (cells underneath mushroom cap located on gill slits) fuse together (karyogamy) to make a diploid cell, diploid cell does meiosis to make haploid spores

Front 41

club and sac fungi are not

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coenocytic

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Glomeromycota

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Only group that reproduces only asexually. Most grow around roots of plants. Have mutualistic relationship roots of trees and form mycorrhizae. Plant gives food and energy to the fungi through photosynthesis, fungi gives plant water and minerals from soil. Dependent on roots. Coenocytic.

Front 43

Fungi break down big compounds of important elements like sulfur and phosphorous so that they are

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available for plants.

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Shelf fungi are ___ to the tree.

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parasitic

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Lichen

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when a fungus lives together with a cyanobacteria or algae in a mutual relationship. found in rocks, gravestones, tundra, tree bark

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mycosis

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fungal disease from infection and direct damage.

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Mycotoxicosis-

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poisoning of humans by foods contaminated by fungal toxins

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where are most fungal infections in humans?

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on the skin

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How are they treated?

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Usually topical cream