Ch. 23 Biology Bacteria

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prokaryote

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most numerous organisms on earth, 3.5 billion years old, single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane bound nucleus

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Kingdom: Prokaryotes

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Domain:
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea

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List differences between Bacteria and Archaea

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1. Archaea cell walls do not have peptidoglycan, and have different amino acids
2. archaea have different lipids in their cell membrane
3. (unlike bacteria) archaea and eukaryotic cells have genes introns
4. able to live in very extreme environments

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Archaea groups

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Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermoacidophiles

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(found in deep fresh water, marine mud, swamp mud, sewage, intestinal tracts of cows and termites)

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an archaea that convert hydrogen gas,and carbon dioxide into methane gas, only live in anerobic conditions

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Halophilles
(found in environments with very high salt concentrations, Great Salt Lake, and the Dead Sea)

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"salt loving"

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thermoacidophiles

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ive in environments with very high temperatures and very acidic, hot springs, volcanic vents, black smokers

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Bacilli

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rod shaped bacteria

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Cocci

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sphere shaped bacteria

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spirilla

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spiral shaped bacteria

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streptococci

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bacterial cocci that occur in chains

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staphylococci

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bacterial cocci that occur in grape-like clusters

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Gram negative bacteria

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cell walls are complex and have small amounts of peptidoglycans; they take up the second, red dye of the Gram staining, making them appear reddish pink

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Gram positive bacteria

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cell walls are simplier, but contain more peptidoglycan, retain the purple dye in their cell walls

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Name classification methods for bacteria

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1. shape
2. reaction to gram staining
3. biochemical properties
4. evolutionary relationships

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Proteobacteria

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large and diverse groups of bacteria, includes both aerobic and anerobic bacteria

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Rhizobium

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a proteobacteria capable of nitrogen fixation, important for plants to get soil nitrogen

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Nitrosomonas

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proteobacteria that forms nitrite from ammonia in the soil

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agrobacterium

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a proteobacteria that causes tumors in plants

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Rickettsiae

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a proteobacteria that causes Rocky Mountain Spotted fever in humans

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Heliobacteria pylori

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a proteobacteria that causes stomach ulcers in humans

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Escherichia Coli (E.Coli)

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a proteobacteria that is an enteric bacteria (lives in human and animal intestines) and makes vitamin K and help digestive enzymes in breakd down of foods

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Salmonella, and E. Coli

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proteobacteria of which some strains cause foodborne illnesses by invasion of intestinal cells or by production of toxins

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Gram-positive bacteria

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streptococcal species (strp throat), Clostridium botulinum (botulism), Lactobacilli (makes milk sour and makes yogurt), Bacillus Anthracis (Anthrax, biological weapon)

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antibiotics

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chemicals that inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms ( Actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria that form branching filaments of colonies, and many are used in making antibiotics)

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Cyanobacteria

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bacteria that use photosynthesis to get energy from sunlight and make carbs from water and atmospheric carbon dioxide; they give off oxygen as a waste product. Numerous and offer a large amount of food to marine and freshwater ecosystems. (once known as bluegreen algae, but not now as it is known they lack a membrane nucleus and chloroplasts)

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Anabaena

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a cyanobacteria that grows in filaments and have specialized cells called heterocysts that have enzymes for fixing nitrogen into amonia, important for plants.

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Cynaobacteria

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believed to have been responsible for making the oxygen rich atmosphere in which aerobic organisms evolved

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Spirochetes

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Gram-negative spiral shaped bacteria, can be aerobic and anerobic, move by corkscrew rotation.

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Treponema pallidum

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gm neg spiral shaped bacteria that causes syphillis, a sexually transmitted infection (STI)

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Chlamydia

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gram-negative coccoid pathogens of this group only live inside animal cells, depending on them for protection and nutrients; their cell walls lack peptidoglycan

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chlamydia trachomatis

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causes nongonococcal urethritis, or chlamydia, an STI

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Prokaryotes

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made up of cell wall, a cell membrane, cytoplasm with ribosomes, DNA, and small molecules and ions (lack organelles

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bacterial cell walls

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no cellulose, but have peptidoglycans

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plant cell walls

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contain cellulose, but no peptidoglycans

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plasmids

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small, circular, self-replicating loops of double-stranded DNA, not necessary for the cell's growth and reproduction, but may carry genes that enable the bacterium to cause disease

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prokaryotic DNA

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single closed loop of double-stranded DNA attached at one point to the cell membrane

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capsule

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outer covering of polysaccharides that bind to the cell wall and protect the bacteria against drying or harsh chemicals; not all bacteria have these

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glycocalyx

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a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars that allows bacteria to connect to the surface of host cells and tissues

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Pili (sing. pilus)

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short, hairlike protein structures on the surface of some bacteria, help bacteria to connect to each other and to host cells and can act as a bridge to pass genetic material between bacteria

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endospore

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made by some gram positive bacteria, a thick-coated, resistant structure that can withstand harsh environments

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taxis

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movement toward or away from a stimulus

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chemotaxis

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prokaryotes react to chemical stimuli by moving toward food or away from a toxin

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photoautotroph

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an autotroph who gets energy from light and carbon from co2

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chemoautroph

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extracts energy from inorganic compounds and uses co2 as a carbon source

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photoheterotroph

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uses light energy but gets its carbon from other organisms

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chemoheterotroph

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obtains both energy and carbon from other organisms

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obligate anerobes

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organisms that can not live where O2 is present (ex: Clostridium tetani- causes tetanus)

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facultative anerobes

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can live with or without O2 (E. Coli)

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obligate aerobes

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prokaryotes that need O2 to live (Mycobacterium tuberculosis- causes tuberculosis)

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mesophiles

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prokaryotes that grow best between 20C (68F) and 40C (104F)

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thermophiles

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prokaryotes that grow best between 45C (113F) and 110C (230F); have evolved proteins that resist being destroyed by heat; heat stable Taq polymerase from the thermophile thermus aquatics

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acidophilles

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acid loving prokaryotes, used to make yogurt and souur cream from milk

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Name most common way prokaryotes reproduce

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binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction; yields 2 identical daughter cells

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Name 3 ways prokaryotes can exchange DNA that can be added to a cell's DNA without reproduction

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transformation, conjugation, transduction

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transformation

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occurs when a prokaryote takes in DNA from its outside environment. provided the evidence that DNA is the genetic material of cells; and used to complete the sequencing of the human genome

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Conjugation

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process by which 2 prokaryotes bind together and one cell transfers DNA to the other cell through a structure called a sex pilus; led to understanding the mechanisms of genetic recombination

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transduction

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occurs when a virus obtains a small part of DNA from a host prokaryote and after the virus replicates within the cell it then spreads the new DNA to other prokaryotic cells

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pathology

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the study of disease

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exotoxins

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toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment(ex: Clostridum tetani, a gm +bacteria, secretes an exotoxin that causes tetanus in humans)

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endotoxins

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TOXIC SUBSTANCES MADE OF LIPISA AND CARBOHYDRATES ASSOCIATED WITH THE OUTER MEMBRANE OF GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA, NOT RELEASED UNTIL THE BACTERIA DIES (SOME STRAINS OF E. COLI CAN RELEASE ONE THAT CAUSES FEVER, ACHES, DIARRHEA, AND HEMORRHAGE)

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antibiotic resistance

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evolution of populations of pathogenic bacteria that antibiotics are unable to kill

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R-plasmids

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contain resistance genes, can pass easily between many bacteria by transformation, can carry multiple resistances

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zoonosis

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a disease that can pass from animals to humans,, ex: Lyme disease, carried by a tick iinfected with the bacterium, Borrelia Burgdorferi

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foodborne illnesses

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campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter jejuni)- mild illness
E.Coli O157:H7- can cause serious illness, with complications of kidney damage, comes from eating undercooked, contaminated hamburger meat

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bioremediation

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use of bacteria to break down pollutants, and allow recycling of compounds