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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ethics
Respect for Autonomy |
Study of Conduct and character - WHat is good or valuable.
Refers to the commitment to include the client in decisions about all aspects of care (consent form). |
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Beneficence
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Refers to taking positive actions to help others. Encourages the urge to do good for others. Bests interests of the client. ex crushed pills for young client
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Nonmaleficence
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is the avoidance of harm or hurt. The health care professional tries to balance the risks and benefits of a plan of care while striving to do the least harm possible. Try to provide LEAST harmful interventions illustrates nonmaleficience. bone marrow transplant pain vs no treatment at all
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Justice
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Refers to fairness. Often used in discussion of health care resources. liver transplant - wait on a list!
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Fidelity
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Refers to the agreement to keep promises. Supports reluctance to abandon clients, even when disagreements occurs about decisions that a client makes. Follow through on care offered to clients. Pain medication - Continued monitor of client pain and keep trying to reduce it!
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Code of Ethics
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Set of guiding principles that all members of a profession accept. Collective statement about group's expectations and standards of behavior. Codes serve as guidelines to assist professional groups when questions arise about correct practice or behavior. ANA
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Advocacy
Responsibility |
support of a cause. Client advocate in privacy, safety, rights, health.
Refers to a willingness to respect obligations and to follow through on promises |
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Accountability
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Refers to the ability to answer for one's own actions. Health care institutions also play a role in accountability by monitoring ind. and institutional compliance w/ national standards set by The Joint Commission and ANA.
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Confidentiality
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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act - mandates confidential protection of client's personal health info.
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Value
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is a personal belief about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom, or object that sets standards that influence behavior.
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Values Clarification
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Is it a fact or opinion?
You need to tolerate differences, wh/ sometimes become the key in the search for resolution of ethical dilemmas. Clarifying values - your own, your clients', your co-workers' |
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PHilosophy of ethics
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Ultimately, your personal beliefs, experiences, and values provide the foundation for a philosophy of ethics.
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Deontology
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Immanuel Kant - defines actions as right or wrong based on their "right-making characteristics such as fidelity to promises, truthfulness, and justice." Does not look to consequences of action but examines the SITUATION for existence of essential rightness or wrongness. Not on greater good.
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Utilitarianism
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value of something is determined by its usefulness (aka consequentialism - because its main emphasis is on the OUTCOME or consequence of an action. Teleology. John Stuart Miller. The greatest good for the greatest # of people.
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Feminist Ethics
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Critiques the previous two. Focuses on inequalities btwn people. It looks to the nature of relationships for guidance in the processing of ethical dilemmas. Concentrate more on PRACTICAL solutions than on theory/principles.
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Ethics of Care
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(closely related to feminist ethics). Often written about by nurses and physicians. They promote a philosophy that focuses on understanding relationships especially personal narratives. Edmundo Pellegrino def - includes the obligation to appreciate, understand, and even share the pain or condition of client.
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Building consensus
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is essentially an act of discovery, where "collective wisdom" guides a group to the best possible decision. It encourages respect for unusual points of view while striving for agreement btwn all participants.
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Resolution of conflicting opinions works best when the following elements are part of the process:
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The presumption of good will on the part of all participants, strict adherence to confidentiality, client-centered decision making, and the welcome participation of families and primary caregivers.
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How to process an ethical dilemma . . .
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p319 Box 22-6
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Ethics Committees in health care institutions
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support the processing of ethical dilemmas. Multidisciplinary and serve to: provide education, policy recommendation, and case consultation. Also done in family conferences, staff meetings
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Quality of Life
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(represents something deeply personal). Researchers have tried to develop quality-of-life measure to define scientifically the value and benefits of certain medical interventions. Formulas include: age of client, client's ability to live independently, and client's ability to contribute to society in a gainful way.
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Genetic Testing
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Detect future things such as Huntington's disease
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Futile Care
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Interventions unlikely to produce benefit for the client. Predictions Not always accurate.
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Allocations of scare resources
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2/3s of uninsured are poor, 80% come from working families.
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