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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where did the IR (industrial revolution) start?
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Great Britain
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What were the reasons for why the IR started in England?
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flerc mt gr - food, labor, entrepreneurs, resources, capital; markets, transportation; gov, rivers
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Explain further each part in "flerc mt gr"
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Food - better farming
Labor - from large population Entrepreneurs - interested in making profit Resources - coal and iron Capital - for investment in machines/factories Markets - in colonies Transportation - small country, easy trans. Gov - favorable to business, less restrictons on entrepreneurs Rivers - many of them |
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What form of industry was popular before the industrial revolution?
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The cotton industry
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What did James Hargreave do?
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made the spinning jenny - produced yarn in larger quantities
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What did Richard Arkwright do?
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made the water frame spinning machine - powered by water/horse
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The factories caused many people to move to ______ near the _____.
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cities, factories
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What did the Steam Engine cause?
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it revolutionized the production of cotton goods and increased the factory system
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What did Thomas Newcomen do?
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he created the steam pump to help drain water out of mines
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What did James Watt do?
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He was asked to repair a Newcomen engine but turned it into a steam engine that was much more efficient
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What could the steam engine later be used for?
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spinning and weaving cotton?
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In the beginning, was the Steam Engine efficient?
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not really, but later improved
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In the beginning, what prevented the spread of ideas to the Continent about the ind. rev?
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the continental system - Europe cannot trade with Britain
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How did the Steam Engine cause a greater flexibility for entrepreneurs?
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the factories no longer had to be next to rivers
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What was Britain's most important product?
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cotton
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True or False: Only the rich got cotton goods
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false, rich and poor got cotton goods
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What did Henry Cort do?
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developed the system called puddling - produced high quality iron
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What were the effects of puddling?
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more iron and metal was cheaper so more was used, esp. in trans.
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What modes of transportation were mainly used before railways?
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roads and canals
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What were locomotives powered by?
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steam engine
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Who made the Rocket and what was it?
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George Stephenson, a faster train
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Britain had many miles of ...
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railroads
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Did the continent have many railways?
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yes
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What did cheaper and faster transportation cause?
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lower prices in goods, new markets and more factories
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Tell me about the Industrial Factory
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Employers hired workers to run the machines for wages; workers worked regular hours; there were factory regulations
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What are the evangelical values?
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in Methodim - follow disciplined path and laziness was bad - helped factories
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Tell me about Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851
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The world's first industrial fair in the Crystal Palace (a large structure of glass and iron) - showed many products created by the IR and showed Britain's wealth to the world
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What were the first countries on the Continent to be industrialized?
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Belgium, France, German states
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What were the limits to industrialization on the continent?
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mainly agrarian, lack of transportation, little capital, entrepreneurs there less enterprising (more traditional busniess habits); French rev and Napoleonic wars limited industrialization; lack of technical knowledge
Transportation Agrarian Napoleon Knowledge Capital Entrepreneurs (TANK CE) |
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How did Britain try to prevent the spread of Industrial ideas to the continent?
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prohibited artisans from leaving the country and the export of machinery/parts - were not able to control this
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What did John Cockerhill do?
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he was a business man who established a profitable industrial plant in Belgium
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What did Fritz Harkhort do?
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started the German engineering industry and wanted Englishmen to be whipped out
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The Continent _____ skills from the British
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learned
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True or false: the gov did not play a role in industrialization on the continent
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false, they did - paid for things
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What else did the con use to further industrialization?
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put tariffs on cheap British goods to protect industries
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What did Freidrich list do?
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a German writer, he emigrated to America and then returned to Germany as a U.S. consul
• He advocated a fast and large-scale industrialization program to developed a nation’s strength • To assure this, he thought that a nation must use protective tariffs |
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_____ _____ investment was on the continent. Is this similar to or different than Britain?
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joint stock; different
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What were the centers of Con ind?
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Belgium, France, German states
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What were the differences in cotton manufacturing in Britain and the con?
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Britain - in a couple of areas
Con - spread out |
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What were more differences between Britain and the con?
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IR in Britain built on cotton industry, on con built on iron/coal of heavy industry
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What con country was the leader in coal?
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Germany
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What con countries led in cotton?
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France, then Belgium
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What was the Ruhr Valley?
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a valley in Germany that had a lot of coal
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What did Samuel Slater do?
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he was a British immigrant who established the 1st textile factory in Rhode Island
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Was Russia industrialized?
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no mainly rural/agricultural
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Newly industrialized European states wanted a policy of ______ growth of industry in places they controlled
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preventing
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What is an example of this?
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India
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The IR caused the growth of _______ and the problem of _______
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population, overpopulation
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What caused the population growth?
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more food, drop in number of deaths from wars, diseases etc.
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Tell me everything about the Potato Famine (Great Hunger)
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In Ireland (very oppressed), population there was mainly Catholic peasants who rented land from British protestant landowners
Their main crop was the potato - nutritious and easy to grow Large population in Ireland Potato was struck by a fungus - caused famine many people died and move to Britain/U.S. |
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At the time, why was there hatred between the English and the Irish?
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English didn't help the Irish by giving them cheap, affordable grain when the Irish needed it
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What is urbanization?
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Many cities/towns grew dramatically - related to industrialization
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What were the miserable living conditions in the cities?
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poor people lived in crowded cellars, bad sanitary conditions - streets as sewers, bad smells, adulterated food
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Why did city authorities not help the living conditions?
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felt little respon. for the problems and did not have skills
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Why did the gov refuse to intervene?
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thought that more benefit would come from free competition
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What did Edwin Chadwick do?
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he was an urban reformer - investigated living conditions of the working classes and said that the bad conditions would go away by sanitary reforms like sewers and piped water
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Explain where the different classes of people lived in the cities?
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Wealthy middle class - individual suburb houses in outer ring of city
atrisans/lower middle class - inner ring of city in small houses center - row houses of industrial workers |
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What was the Public Health Act of 1848?
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was established because of Edwin Chadwick's efforts - the National Board of Health was formed that would establish modern sanitary systems
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Did the middle class support the Public Health Act? why or why not?
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yes, because they feared cholera
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What new social class was created because of the Industrial Revolution?
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the industrial middle class
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What kind of people made up the industrial middle class?
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people involved in commerce, industry and banking; industrial entrepreneurs
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What was another large social class?
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the working class
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At first, what group made up most of the working class?
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artisans/craftspeople
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What did they do because of industrialization?
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usually supported movements against industrialization because they were losing power
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Tell me about the servants in the working class?
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many were in London/Paris - many were women from countryside who were dependent on upper/middle class employers
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Tell me about the working conditions for the Industrial working class
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bad conditions - long hours, little breaks
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Which profession had the worst conditions?
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coal mines
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_______ were very important for the IR. why?
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children, cheap labor
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What were pauper apprentices?
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orphans/children abandoned by parents that were cared for by local parishes who apprenticed them to factory owners
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the gap between the rich and poor _______
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widened
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What did many workers look to do?
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form labor organizations to get decent wages/working conditons
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What were the Combination Acts?
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they outlawed associations of workers
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What were formed?
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trade unions
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At the beg, were trade unions strong?
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not really
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Some trade unions had _____ to achieve their goals
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strikes
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What did the strikes cause?
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Parliament cancelled the Combination Acts and unions were now tolerated by kept under close watch
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Who was one of the leaders in the effort for national unions?
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Robert Owen
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What did the trade unions want?
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to preserve their own workers position by decreasing entry into their trade and wanted to gain benefits from the employers
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What did Robert Owen do?
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He was a cotton industrialist and a social reformer - thought that the creation of voluntary associations would show people the benefits of cooperative living instead of competitive living
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What was formed under Owen's direction?
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The Grand National Consolidated Trades Union which was a national federation of trade unions
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What was the main purpose of this national federation?
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to have a strike against the 8 hour workday
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What happened to it?
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it ended because of a lack of real working class support and the union movement went back to trade unions for indiv. crafts
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Who were the Luddites? and were they effective?
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skilled craftspeople in England who attacked machines that they thought threatened their livelihood/occupation; not very effective
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What was Chartism?
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tried to improve the conditions of British workers - a people's charter was created - wanted universal male suffrage - rejected by parliament then the movement died out
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why was chartism significant?
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gave the sense of a united group to the working class
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What was the Factory Act of 1833?
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better working hours for children and women, factory inspections, fined people who broke the law
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What was the Ten Hours Act?
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reduced the workday for children and women to 10 hours a day
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What was the coal mines act?
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got rid of employment of boys under 10 and women in mines
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Why was the coal mines act unpopular for women?
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they were paid more in coal mines b/c it was more dangerous and now they weren't allowed to work in them at all
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