Ch. 20 Flashcards

Front 1

Prokaryote
key word

Back 1

No nucleus
there is genetic material, but it's not bound up
divided into 2 domains: bacteria and the archaea.

Front 2

Eubacteria
key word

Back 2

also know as “true bacteria”, are microscopic prokaryotic cells.
Some Eubacteria can cause health problems like strep throat and food poisoning.
Other bacteria are good to eat, such as those in yogurt.

Front 3

Archebacteria
key word

Back 3

smaller kingdom
NO Peptidoglycan
Some DNA sequences are closer to Eukaryotes than Eubacteria

Front 4

Bacilli
key word

Back 4

Rod shaped

Front 5

Cocci
key word

Back 5

Spherical

Front 6

Spirilla
key word

Back 6

Corkscrew

Front 7

Flagella

key word

Back 7

whip-like structures used for movement
some bacteria have them, some don't

Front 8

Photoautotroph

key word

Back 8

A type of bacteria autotroph
photoautotrophs use the sun

Front 9

Chemoheterotroph

key word

Back 9

A type of bacteria autotroph
they use chemical reactions to obtain food

Front 10

Peptidoglycan

key word

Back 10

important carbohydrate in cell wall
present in Eubacteria

Front 11

Cyanobacteria

key word

Back 11

also known as blue-green algae, blue-green bacteria
is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis.
thought to have converted the early reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, which dramatically changed the composition of life forms on Earth by stimulating biodiversity and leading to the near-extinction of oxygen-intolerant organisms.

Front 12

Binary fission

key word

Back 12

or prokaryotic fission, is form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes, some protozoa, and some organelles within eukaryotic organisms. This process results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell by division into two parts which each have the potential to grow to the size of the original cell.

Front 13

Conjugation

key word

Back 13

the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells

Front 14

Endospore

key word

Back 14

For some bacteria, if they sense the conditions for survival are not good, they will “hibernate”. They form an endospore that will protect the DNA from harsh conditions until it’s ready to come out.

Front 15

Nitrogen fixation

key word

Back 15

Bacteria that live in the soil are unique because they can convert nitrogen gas -->ammonia. The ammonia is a byproduct of the bacteria that can be used (or taken up) by plants.

Front 16

Antibiotic

key word

Back 16

Antibiotics treat BACTERIAL infections only. They prohibit the growth and reproduction of bacterial cells within a host organism.

Front 17

Sterilization

key word

Back 17

This is the destruction of all forms of microbial life.
Ways of Sterilizing: There are two ways to control microbial growth:
Physical Methods (Heat, cold, pressure)
Chemical Agents (Alcohol, bleach)
These also include everyday items like salt, sugar and vinegar

Front 18

Obligate aerobic
key word

Back 18

an aerobic organism that requires oxygen to grow. Through cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to oxidize substances, like sugars or fats, in order to obtain energy.

Front 19

Facilitative anaerobe

key word

Back 19

is an organism, usually a bacterium, that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but is also capable of switching to fermentation.
ex: Staphylococcus (Gram positive)

Front 20

Obligate anaerobic

key word

Back 20

microorganisms that live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen; some of these are killed by oxygen.

Front 21

not on list of "words to know" but in powerpoint: Botulism

key word

Back 21

bacterial infection that caused descending paralysis. It is caused by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum and the toxin in this bacteria is the most toxic substance known.

Front 22

Viruses

Back 22

very small and limited to a few physical characteristics:
Some nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA)
Protein coat (called a Capsid)
Lipids (only sometimes)
They can not reproduce unless they infect a living cell.

Front 23

bacteriophage

Back 23

a virus that ONLY infects bacteria.

Front 24

two ways in which a Virus can infect a host:

Back 24

Lytic
Lysogenic

Front 25

Lytic

Back 25

The host will replicate the virus and then the virus will violently bust open the host cell

Front 26

Lysogenic

Back 26

This is when the virus replicates itself, but it will incorporate itself into the host’s DNA.

Front 27

Lytic infection process

Back 27

The virus enters the cell, makes a copy of itself and causes the cell to burst. This releases hundreds of virus particles into the host.

Front 28

: examples of Lytic infections

Back 28

Herpes simplex
Influenza

Front 29

Lysogenic infection process

Back 29

A virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA.
The viral DNA that is embedded in the host’s DNA is called a prophage

Front 30

examples of Lysogenic infections

Back 30

Ebola
Human papilloma virus (HPV)

Front 31

retrovirus

Back 31

This a type of virus that inserts an RNA sequence that is then transcribed backwards. An example would be HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

Front 32

characteristics of life

Back 32

-made up of units called cells
-reproduce
-based on a universal genetic code
-grow and develop
-obtain and use materials and energy
respond to their environment
-as a group, change over time

Front 33

:Gram Positive:

Back 33

Bacteria will stain purple

Front 34

Gram Negative

Back 34

Bacteria stain red

Front 35

What kind of bacteria do we need to be worried about?

Back 35

Heterotrophs because they need to "eat"

Front 36

why are some bacteria good?

Back 36

Bacteria are an integral part of the circle of life. They are not specific to one job in nature.
One of their more important roles are decomposition. Bacteria will feed off of the dead matter (trees, carcasses, waste) and up back vital nutrients.

Front 37

pathogens

Back 37

bacteria that cause disease

Front 38

how do pathogens harm other organisms?

Back 38

Some bacteria directly harm an organism by breaking them down for food. (i.e.- tuberculosis)
Others release toxins as a byproduct that is injected and will cause bodily harm. (i.e.- salmonella food poisoning)

Front 39

vaccine

Back 39

A vaccine is a weakened or even killed form of the virus or bacteria