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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ALDEHYDE
has at least one H atom bonded to the carbonyl group |
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KETONE
has two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group |
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CARBOXYLIC ACID
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ESTER
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AMIDE
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ACID CHLORIDE
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What carbonyls undergo nucleophilic addition?
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Aldehydes and Ketones
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What carbonyls undergo nucleophilic substitution?
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Carbonyl compounds that contain leaving groups
(OH, Cl, OR, NH2) |
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acyl
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Oxidation
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results in an increase in the number of C – Z bonds (usually C – O bonds) or a decrease in the number of C – H bonds
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Reduction
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results in a decrease in the number of C – Z bonds (usually C – O bonds) or an increase in the number of C – H bonds
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NaBH₄
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reduces aldehydes and ketones an ADDITION RXN because the elements of H2 are added across the π bond, but it is also a reduction because the product alcohol has fewer C – O bonds than the starting carbonyl compound)
-treating an aldehyde or ketone with NaBH₄ and a proton source (Water, ROH) will give an alcohol. |
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LiAlH₄
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reduces aldehydes and ketones (an ADDITION RXN because the elements of H2 are added across the π bond, but it is also a reduction because the product alcohol has fewer C – O bonds than the starting carbonyl compound)
-stronger reducing agent than NaBH4, because the Al – H bond is more polar than the B – H bond -treating an aldehyde or ketone with LiAlH₄ and a proton source (Water, ROH) will give an alcohol. |
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Metal Hydride Reduction
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Reduces aldehydes and ketones to alcohols
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