Ch 2

Front 1

Parts of an atom

Back 1

Protons, neutrons, electrons

Front 2

Protons

Back 2

Large, positive charge in nucleus

Front 3

Neutrons

Back 3

Large, neutral charge in nucleus

Front 4

Electrons

Back 4

Small, negative charge around nucleus

Front 5

Atomic number

Back 5

# of protons in atom

Front 6

Valence electron

Back 6

Outer electrons that react with other atoms

Front 7

Mass number

Back 7

# of protons and neutrons in atom

Front 8

Isotope

Back 8

Atoms of same element with different # of neutrons

Front 9

Radioactive isotope

Back 9

Unstable isotope that breaks down releasing radiation

Hint 9

Carbon 14, iodine 131 (used to detect thyroid cancer), cobalt 60 (used as xray source)

Front 10

Ion

Back 10

Atom that has lost/gained electrons

Hint 10

Calcium atom has 20p and 20e

Calcium ion has 20p and 18e (charge of 2+)

Front 11

Common ions

Back 11

Na, K, Ca, Cl

Front 12

Common ions with more than one element

Back 12

OH^-1, CO3^-2, HCO3^-1, PO4^-3

Front 13

Cation

Back 13

Positive ion

Front 14

Anion

Back 14

Negative ion

Front 15

Types of elements

Back 15

Metals, nonmetals, metalloids

Front 16

Metals

Back 16

Silvery, conducts heat and electricity

Hint 16

Iron

Front 17

Nonmetals

Back 17

Dull solids, most are gases, does not conduct heat/electricity

Hint 17

Carbon, oxygen

Front 18

Metalloids

Back 18

Have characteristics of metals and nonmetals

Hint 18

Silicon: shiny (like metal) but doesn't conduct heat (like nonmetal)

Front 19

Major elements in the body

Back 19

O, C, N, H

Front 20

Compound

Back 20

Substance that contains two or more elements chemically bonded

Hint 20

Water, CO2, salt, nutrients and metabolites

Front 21

Types of compounds

Back 21

Organic and inorganic

Front 22

Organic

Back 22

Contains carbon

Front 23

Inorganic

Back 23

No carbon

Front 24

Ionic bond

Back 24

Two ions are attached to each other

Hint 24

Na+Cl => NaCl

Front 25

Covalent bond

Back 25

Two atoms share electrons (no charge)

Hint 25

H+O => H2O

Front 26

Polar covalent

Back 26

Compound has partially positive end and partially negative end

Hint 26

Water, sugar

Front 27

Nonpolar covalent

Back 27

Compound does not have negative or positive ends

Hint 27

Oil

Front 28

Electronegativity

Back 28

Measure of how reactive an atom/molecule is

Front 29

Hydrogen bond

Back 29

Bond that involves hydrogen atoms

Front 30

Cohesion

Back 30

Force of attraction between molecules of same compound

Front 31

Surface tension

Back 31

Cohesion between molecules of liquids

Front 32

Adhesion

Back 32

Forces of attraction between different molecules

Front 33

Capillary action

Back 33

Movement of fluid through a small tube due to adhesion and cohesion

Front 34

Reactant

Back 34

Compound(s) that react

Front 35

Product

Back 35

Compound(s) that are produced by a reaction

Front 36

Synthesis reaction (anabolism)

Back 36

Complex molecules are made from smaller ones

Front 37

Dehydration

Back 37

Formation of complex molecule by removing water

Hint 37

Glucose + fructose => sucrose

Front 38

Decomposition reaction (catabolism)

Back 38

Complex molecules broken down into smaller ones

Front 39

Hydrolysis reaction

Back 39

Requires splitting of water

Hint 39

Sucrose => glucose + fructose

Front 40

Exchange reaction (displacement or replacement)

Back 40

Atoms in reaction displaced by other atoms

Front 41

Kinetic energy

Back 41

Energy of motion

Front 42

Potential energy

Back 42

Stored energy

Front 43

Chemical potential energy

Back 43

Energy stored in chemical bonds

Front 44

Activation energy

Back 44

Energy required to cause reaction

Front 45

Activation energy depends on:

Back 45

Temperature (high temp=faster)

Concentration (more=faster)

Presence of catalysts (catalysts aid in reaction without being changed

Hint 45

Enzymes = protein catalysis

Front 46

Solvent

Back 46

Compound that dissolves another

Front 47

Solute

Back 47

Compound that is dissolved

Front 48

Solution

Back 48

Mixture produced when solute is dissolved by solvent; particles are too small to settle out or scatter light

Front 49

Concentration

Back 49

Amount of solute in solution

Front 50

Hydrophilic

Back 50

Dissolves in water

Front 51

Hydrophobic

Back 51

Does not dissolve in water

Front 52

"Universal solvent"

Back 52

Water dissolves most ionic compounds bc its polar

Front 53

Thermal properties of water

Back 53

Specific heat and heat of vaporization

Front 54

Specific heat

Back 54

Amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of substance up by 1°C

Front 55

Heat of vaporization

Back 55

Large amount of heat required for water to vaporize

Front 56

Colloid

Back 56

Particles too small that they do not settle out but do scatter light

Front 57

Suspension

Back 57

Particles are large and settle out

Front 58

Acid

Back 58

Compound that releases H+ ion when dissolved in water

Front 59

Base

Back 59

Compound that releases OH- ion

Front 60

Neutralization reaction

Back 60

Acid and base react to form a salt and water

Hint 60

Acid and base cancel each other

Front 61

Salt

Back 61

Any compound formed when acid and base react

Hint 61

HCl + NaOH => NaCl + water

Front 62

pH

Back 62

Measure of concentration of H+ ion in solution

Hint 62

<7 = acid

7 = neutral

>7 = base

Front 63

Buffer

Back 63

Compound that resists changed in pH

Front 64

Antacid

Back 64

Neutralizes acids by reaction w/ H+ ions and taking them out of solution

Front 65

Carbon skeleton

Back 65

Structure made of carbon atoms

Hint 65

Usually a chain or ring

Front 66

Functional groups

Back 66

Groups of atoms that are attached to carbon skeleton

Front 67

Polymer

Back 67

Large molecules (macromolecules) made of smaller molecules attached together

Front 68

Monomer

Back 68

Small molecules that make up a polymer

Front 69

Major types of organic compounds

Back 69

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP

Front 70

Carbohydrates

Back 70

Polymer made of simple sugars

Front 71

Three types of carbohydrates

Back 71

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Front 72

Monosaccharides

Back 72

Simple sugar (monomer for other sugars)

Hint 72

Glucose

Front 73

Dissaccharide

Back 73

Made of 2 simple sugars

Hint 73

Sucrose

Front 74

Polysaccharide

Back 74

Made of many simple sugars

Hint 74

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

Front 75

Fatty acids

Back 75

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen

Hint 75

Building blocks for many lipids

Front 76

Triglyceride

Back 76

Made of glycerol molecule w/ 3 fatty acids attached

Front 77

Saturated

Back 77

No double bonds in fatty acid

Front 78

Unsaturated

Back 78

Double bonds in fatty acid

Front 79

Phospholipid

Back 79

Triglyceride in which one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate molecule

Front 80

Steroids

Back 80

Made of 4 rings of carbon atoms w/ functional groups added depending on function

Hint 80

Cholesterol, estrogen, cortisol, bile salts

Front 81

Eiconsanoids

Back 81

20 carbon molecules that act as hormones

Hint 81

Prostaglandins, leukotrienes

Front 82

Proteins

Back 82

Molecules made of a chain of amino acids; sequence of amino acids depends on sequence of bases on messenger RNA

Hint 82

Collagen, enzyme, actin, myosin

Front 83

Levels of structure in proteins

Back 83

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary

Front 84

Primary

Back 84

Simple chain of amino acids

Front 85

Secondary

Back 85

Chain is folded or bent

Front 86

Tertiary

Back 86

Folding of secondary structure into 3D form

Front 87

Quarternary

Back 87

Combo of different tertiary structure

Front 88

Denature

Back 88

Unwinding of protein structures

Front 89

Enzymes

Back 89

Protein caralysts

Hint 89

Highly specific

Front 90

Active site

Back 90

Part of protein that causes reaction

Front 91

Substrate

Back 91

Reactant that binds to active site

Front 92

Cofactors

Back 92

Needed for correct enzyme function

Front 93

Nucleic acid

Back 93

Molecules made of chains of nucleotides

Front 94

Nucleotides

Back 94

Ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine replaced by uracil)

Hint 94

AT and CG and sometimes AU (in RNA)

Front 95

DNA

Back 95

Double strand

Front 96

DNA

Back 96

Double strand

Front 97

RNA

Back 97

Single strand

Front 98

DNA

Back 98

Double strand

Front 99

RNA

Back 99

Single strand

Front 100

mRNA

Back 100

Message produced from DNA that moves out nucleus

Front 101

DNA

Back 101

Double strand

Front 102

RNA

Back 102

Single strand

Front 103

mRNA

Back 103

Message produced from DNA that moves out nucleus

Front 104

tRNA

Back 104

Protein of RNA that attaches to amino acid

Front 105

DNA

Back 105

Double strand

Front 106

RNA

Back 106

Single strand

Front 107

mRNA

Back 107

Message produced from DNA that moves out nucleus

Front 108

tRNA

Back 108

Portion of RNA that attaches to amino acid

Front 109

rRNA

Back 109

Portion of RNA that makes up ribosome

Front 110

ATP

Back 110

Energy string molecule made of adenosine and 3 phosphates