Ch-19 Cardiovascular System

Front 1

Blood Pressure

Back 1

Force per unit area exerted on wall of a blood vessel by blood

Front 2

Resistance
Factors that remain constant:

Back 2

Blood Viscocity
Blood Vessel Length - Longer the vessel = greater the resistance

Front 3

Restistance
Factors that change often

Back 3

- blood vessel diameter
- R is more imortant in influencing local blood flow b/c easily changed by altering diameter

Front 4

Vital signs

Back 4

Pulse, body temperature, respiratory rate, blood pressure

Front 5

Anastomosis

Back 5

A union of nerves, blood vessels or lymphatics

Front 6

Fenestrations

Back 6

Pores

Front 7

Sinusoidal

Back 7

Leaky capillaries in bone marrow, liver, spleen, adrenal medulla, which allow large molecules, even blood cells to pass through their endothelial layer.

Front 8

Baroreceptors

Back 8

Effective for short-term BP control via neural mechanisms

Front 9

What is a long-term control mechanism for BP control?

Back 9

Direct and indirect renal/kidney controls

Front 10

Pulse Pressure

Back 10

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Front 11

Mean arterial pressure or MAP

Back 11

Pressure that propels blood to the tissues

Front 12

Hypertension is defined physiologically as a condition of sustained arterial pressure of ______ or higher.

Back 12

140/90

Front 13

If the net filtration pressure (NFP) is positive, then fluid is reabsorbed into the blood.
True/False

Back 13

False - A positive NFP would force fluids out of the blood

Front 14

The muscles and the skin experience increased blood flow during exercise T/F

Back 14

True
The brain does NOT; it has a relatively constant flow during both rest and exercise. The kidneys and the GI tract (i.e. the stomach and intestines) would have decreased blood flow

Front 15

Fluids would be likely to leave or filter out of the capillary if:

Back 15

net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is greater than net osmotic pressure (OP).

Front 16

Hydrostatic Pressure

Back 16

Is the pressure a fluid exerts on the vessel wall. It is the same as capillary blood pressure.

Front 17

Hypovolemic Shock

Back 17

Is the result of massive blood loss

Front 18

Cardiogenic Shock

Back 18

Is the result of a loss of vasomotor tone = extreme vasodilation causing BP to drop even though the blood 'volume' is normal.

Front 19

HP pushes and OP ______?

Back 19

SUCKS

Front 20

metabolic mechanisms include the release of

Back 20

nitric oxide and endothelins by tissues

Front 21

NO play the MAJOR role in

Back 21

Vasodilation needed to immediately supply needy tissues via arterioles which open their capillary sphincters to supply capillary beds.

Front 22

Enodthelins

Back 22

Vasoconstrictors

Front 23

What are extrinsic controls of BP?

Back 23

Nervous system control (i.e. sympathetic nerve impulses) and hormonal controls (i.e. the release of epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide) are extrinsic controls of blood pressure.

Front 24

Which vessels have the thickest tunica media?

Back 24

Distributing Arteries

Front 25

Elastic Arteries (aka conducting arteries) are...

Back 25

Thick walled arteries near the heart and lead to 'distributing' arteries

Front 26

PERICYTES

Back 26

Are spider-shaped, smooth muscle-like cells that stabilize capillary walls

Front 27

Do arterioles contain intercellular clefts?

Back 27

No

Front 28

Do capillaries have sinuses?

Back 28

NO

Front 29

An elastic lamina on both sides of the tunica media is a characteristic of:

Back 29

Muscular Arteries

Front 30

What blood vessel is the most susceptible to atherosclerosis?

Back 30

Aorta

Front 31

The heart produces a hormone called _________ that causes blood volume and blood pressure to decline.

Back 31

atrial natriuretic peptide

Front 32

Orthostatic hypotension

Back 32

temporary low blood pressure when rising from a reclining or sitting position due to pooling of blood in the lower limbs, which reduces blood flow to the brain.

Front 33

peripheral resistance is...

Back 33

peripheral resistance is the most quickly changed variable in blood pressure, it is the most important for regulation

Front 34

Blood Flow

Back 34

Volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or entire cirulation in a given period. = Cardiac output and relativley constant at rest.

Front 35

Blood Flow

Back 35

Volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or entire cirulation in a given period. = Cardiac output and relativley constant at rest.

Front 36

Resistance Factors
A)2 Constant Factors
B)1 Changing Factor

Back 36

A) Blood Viscocity; Blood Vessel Length
B) Blood Vessel Diameter;
Note: R is more important to LOCAL blood flow by easily changin vessel diameter.

Front 37

Systolic Pressure

Back 37

During Ventricular Contraction

Front 38

Diastolic Pressure

Back 38

Lowest Level of Diastolic Pressure

Front 39

Pulse Pressure

Back 39

Difference Between systolic and diastolic pressure.
Ex: 115-75= 40 mm Hg

Front 40

MAP = ? + ?

Back 40

diastolic+1/3 pulse pressure

Front 41

Cappilary BP (average)

Back 41

15 to 35 mm HG

Front 42

Venous BP characteristics

Back 42

- Does not change very much
- Small pressue gradient about 15 mm Hg
-If a veing is cut, blood flows evenly, whereas blood will 'spurt' with an artery

Front 43

During inhalation the diaphram moves in what direction?

Back 43

Down causing decreased pressure in thoracic cavity + pres in abdominal region

Front 44

During exhalation...

Back 44

Diaphram moves upward applying more pres to thoracic region; the valves in veins prevent backflow

Front 45

During muscular pump (i.e. calves) the proximal valve...

Back 45

remains open and blood is pushed toward the heart, while the distal valve closes. **Post contraction - the proximal valve closes and distal valve opens filling vein with blood. ***At rest, both valves are open.

Front 46

Long periods of muscle inactivity will cause...

Back 46

A 'compensatory' INCREASE in arterial pressure.

Front 47

6 Hormones effecting BP

Back 47

1. Epinephrine/norepinephrine - Rasises BP via + Cardiac Output CO
2. Angiotensin ll Raises BP, R via vasoconstriction
3. ADH raises BP via VASOCONSTRICTION and MAINLY blood volume by reducing water loss
4. Aldosterone raises BP and Blood Volume (similar to ADH) by reducing water loss/salt loss
5. Cortisol raises BP by reducing water/salt loss
6. Atrial natriuretic Peptide ANP LOWERS...LOWERS BP via vasodilation

Front 48

Angiotensin II stimulates 2 BP effector hormones:

Back 48

Aldosterone and ADH
pg 709

Front 49

PULSE is...

Back 49

A pressue wave caused by the expansion and recoil of arteris. A pulse taken at the wrist is called, A Radial Pulse

Front 50

When taking BP with a BP cuff (sphygmomanometer) as pres. is released the first sounds occur as...

Back 50

Blood spurts through the artery (systolic pres.) normally 110-140 mm Hg. Sounds disappear when blood flows freely (diastolic pres.) 70-80 mm Hg

Front 51

"ORTHO"

Back 51

Means 'STRAIGHT' UPRIGHT OR CORRECT

Front 52

ANEMIA

Back 52

A deficiency in the oxygen-carrying component of the blood, as in the amount of hemoglobin or the number or volume of red blood cells. Iron deficiency, often caused by inadequate dietary consumption of iron, and blood loss are common causes of anemia.

Front 53

Addison's Disease

Back 53

a disorder in which the adrenal glands fail to produce a sufficient quantity of steroids, causing a brownish discoloration of the skin. Also related to hyposecretory disease of the adrenal cortex causing deficient output of both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

Front 54

Grave's disease
(HYPER-thyroid)

Back 54

An autoimmune disease in which a person makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicle cells - these cells mimic TSH and continuously stimulate TH release. Symptoms: Elevated metabolic rate; irregular heartbeat; nervousness; weight loss; PROTRUSION OF THE EYES (Exopthalmos)

Front 55

Myxedema
(HYPO-thyroid)

Back 55

low metabolic rate; chilling; constipation; thick/dry skin; puffy eyes; edema; lethargy; mental sluggishness **If due to low iodine, causes GOITER

Front 56

Secondary Hypertension

Back 56

Less common 10% of cases - due to disorders : obstruction of the renal arteries, kidney disease, endocrine disorders; hyperthyroidism; Cushing's Syndrome

Front 57

Cushings Syndrome

Back 57

a rare hormonal problem. It happens when there is too much of the hormone cortisol in your body. May cause: Buffalo Hump, Weak muscles; p 618

Front 58

Primary HYPER-tension

Back 58

No underlying cause has been identified. It is however due to many predispositions: Heredity, Diet; Obesity; Age; Dieabetes Mellitus; Stress; Smoking; Cushings Syndrome

Front 59

Aneurysm

Back 59

Baloon -like pocketing in the artery caused by chronic hypertension or arteriosclerosis, common in ABDOMINAL AORTA, ARTERIES FEEDING BRAIN & KIDNEYS

Front 60

BLOOD FLOW involves:

Back 60

1.Delivery of O2 and nutrients, and removes waste from, the tisue cells
2. Gas Exchange
3. Absorption of nutrients (digestive tract)
4. Urine formation
**Rate of flow is precisely the right amount to provide for proper function

Front 61

During exercise, what body parts receive considerably MORE blood?

Back 61

Heart
Skeletal Muscles
Skin

Front 62

Why does the skin receive more blood (vasodilation) during physical activity?

Back 62

1. To increase delivery o fnutrients to the skin for sweating
2. Skeletal muscles, by diffusion, receive O2 from the skin
3. heat is dissipated across the skin, i.e. radiator
4. skin vasodilation is a secondary side effect

Front 63

Velocity of blood

Note: Is inversely related to cross-sectional area.

Back 63

fastest in arteries
slower in capillaries
speeds up in veins
**slow capillary flow is necessary for exchange of nutrients.

Front 64

ISCHEMIA

Back 64

Oxygen deprivation due to blocked vessels

Front 65

Blood Flow to SKIN

Back 65

Varies from 50-2500 ml/min
-supplies nutrients to cells (autoregulation in response to O2 needs
-Maintains body Temp (Neural)
-Provides blood reservoir (Neural control)
-Controlled by SYMPATHETIC nervous system by temp receptors and CNS
**The MAIN function is Temp control

Front 66

Blood Flow: LUNGS

Back 66

Arteries/arterioles are more like veins - thin walls w/ large lumens
- Arterial resistance and pressure are low (24/8 vs 115/75)
**If O2 levels are LOW this causes VASO-CONSTRICTION, which is opposite in other areas of the body.

Front 67

HYPO =

Back 67

LOW

Front 68

Blood Flow: Capillaries

Back 68

Vasomotion:
- Slow and intermittent flow
-Reflects the on/off opening and closing of precapillary sphincters

Front 69

CIRCULATORY SHOCK

Back 69

Any condition in whidh blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally. If condition persists, cells die and organ damage follows.

Front 70

Capillary Exchange
Large molecules use what transport mechanism

Back 70

- Pinocytotic Vesicles or Caveolae
**Water uses clefts and fenstrations while small lipid-soluble molecules use 'Diffusion'

Front 71

HPif (Hydrostatic Pressure of interstitial fluid)

Back 71

Is usually low and typically assumed to be zero.

Front 72

Superior Mesenteric

Back 72

- Serves virtually all of the small intestines
- Most of the large intestine
- Ascending, transverse colon

Front 73

Inferior Messenteric

Back 73

- Seves distal part of the large intestine from midpart of the transverse colon to the midrectum

Front 74

VEINS
BASILIC & BRACHIAL VEINS MERGE TO FORM ______?

Back 74

AXILLARY - Very short vein which merges superiorly with the CEPHALIC VEIN to form the SUBCLAVIAN VEIN