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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Angina pectoris
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acute chest pain that occurs when myocardial demand exceeds its oxygen supply
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Aortic regurgitation
(aortic insufficiency) |
- incompetent aortic valve
- allows backward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole |
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Aortic stenosis
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- calcification of aortic valve cusps
- restricts forward flow of blood during systole |
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Aortic valve
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- left semilunar valve
- separates left ventricle and aorta |
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Apex of heart
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tip of heart pointing down toward 5th left intercostal space
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Apical impulse
(point of maximal impulse, PMI) |
- pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates against the chest wall during systole
- normally at the 5th left intercostal space in the mid clavicular line |
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Base of Heart
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- broader area of heart's outline
- located at 3rd right and left intercostal space |
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Bell (of stethoscope)
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- cup shaped end piece
- used for soft, low pitched heart sounds |
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Bradycardia
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- slow heart rate
- < 50 BPM in an adult |
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Clubbing
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- bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges of fingers and toes
- occurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions |
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Coarctation of aorta
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- severe narrowing of descending aorta
- a congenital heart defect |
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Cor pulmonale
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right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
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Cyanosis
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- dusky blue mottling of skin and mucous membranes
- due to excessive amount of reduced hemoglobin in the blood |
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Diaphragm (of stethoscope)
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- flat end piece of stethoscope
- used for hearing relatively high pitched heart sounds |
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diastole
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heart's filling phase
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Dyspnea
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difficult, labored breathing
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Edema
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- swelling of legs or dependent body part
- due to increased interstitial fluid |
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Erb's Point
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traditional auscultatory area in the 3rd left intercostal space
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First heart sound (S1)
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- occurs with closure of AV valves
- signals beginning of systole |
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Fourth Heart sound (S4)
(S4 gallop; atrial gallop) |
very soft, low pitched, ventricular filling sound that occurs in late diastole
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Gallop rhythm
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sound similar to a galloping horse caused by the addition of 3rd or 4th heart sound
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Inching
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technique of moving the stethoscope incrementally across the precordium through the auscultatory areas while listening to heart sounds
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LVH
(Left Ventricular Hypertrophy) |
increase in thickness of myocardial wall that occurs when the heart pumps against chronic outflow obstruction
(e.g., aortic stenosis) |
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MCL
(midclavicular line) |
imaginary vertical line bisecting the middle of the clavicle in each hemithorax
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Mitral regurgitation
(mitral insufficiency) |
- incompetent mitral valve
- allows regurgitation of blood back into left atrium during systole |
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Mitral stenosis
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- calcified mitral valve
- impedes forward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole |
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Mitral valve
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- left AV valve
- separates left atria and ventricle |
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Palpitation
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uncomfortable awareness of rapid/irregular heartbeat
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Paradoxical splitting
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- opposite of a normal split S2
- split is heard in expiration - during inspiration the sounds fuse to one sound |
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Pericardial friction rub
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high pitched scratch extra cardiac sound hear when the precordium is inflamed
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Physiologic splitting
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normal variation in S2 heard as two separate components during inspiration
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Precordium
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area of chest wall that overlies the heart and great vessels
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Pulmonic regurgitation
(pulmonic insufficiency) |
back flow fo blood through incompetent pulmonic valve into the right ventricle
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Pulmonic Valve
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right SL valve separating the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
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Second heart sound (S2)
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- occurs with the closure of the SL valves (aortic and pulmonic)
- signals end of systole |
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Summation gallop
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abnormal mid diastolic heart sound heard when both S3 and S4 are present
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Syncope
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- temporary loss of consciousness due to decreased cerebral blood blow (fainting)
- caused by ventricular asystole - pronounced bradycardia or ventricular fibrillation |
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Systole
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heart's pumping phase
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Tachycardia
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- rapid heart rate
- > 100 BPM in the adult |
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Third heart sound (S3)
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- soft, low pitched, ventricular filling sound that occurs in early diastole (S3 gallop)
- may be an early sign of heart failure |
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Thrill
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palpable vibration on the chest wall accompanying severe heart murmur
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Tricuspid valve
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- right AV valve
- separates right atria and ventricle |
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Arteriosclerosis
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thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
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Atherosclerosis
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plaques of fatty deposits formed in the inner layer of the arteries
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Bruit
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- blowing, swooshing sound
- heard when an artery is partially occluded |
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Homan's sign
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- calf pain that occurs when the foot is sharply dorsiflexed (pushed up towards knee)
- may occur with deep vein thrombosis, phlebitis, achilles tendinitis, or muscle injury |
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Ischemia
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- deficiency of arterial blood to a body part
- due to constriction/obstruction of a blood vessel |
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Lymphedema
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- swelling of extremity due to obstructed lymph channel
- non-pitting |
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Lymph Nodes
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- small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue
- located at grouped interval alongs lymphatic vessels |
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Pitting edema
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indentation left after examiner depresses the skin over swollen edematous tissue
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Profile sign
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viewing the finger from the side in order to detect early clubbing
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Pulse
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- pressure wave created by each heartbeat
- palpable at body sites where artery lies close to the skin and over a bone |
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Pulsus alternans
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regular rhythm, but force of pulse varies with alternating beats of large and small amplitude
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Pulsus bigeminus
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- irregular rhythm, every other beat is premature
- premature beats have weakened amplitude |
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Pulsus paradoxus
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- beats have weaker amplitude with respiratory inspiration
- stronger with expiration |
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Thrombophlebitis
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inflammation of the vein associated with thrombus formation
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Varicose Vein
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dilated tortuous veins with incompetent valves
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Ulcer
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open skin lesion extending into dermis with sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue
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Raynaud's Phenomenon/Syndrome
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- abrupt progressive tricolor change of the fingers in response to cold, vibration or stress
- first white (pallor), then blue (cyanosis), then red (rubor). |
- may have cold, numbness, or pain along with pallor or cyanosis stage
- burning, throbbing, and swelling with rubor |
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Arteriosclerosis - Ischemic Ulcer
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- hardening and calcification of arterial wall
- characterized by pale ischemic base, well-defined edges, no bleeding - occur at toes, metatarsal heads, heels, lateral ankle |
S: deep muscle pain in calf/foot, claudication (pain w/ walking), pain at rest indicates worsening
O: coolness, pallor, elevational pallor, dependent rubor, diminished pulses, systolic bruits, trophic skin, signs of malnutrition, xanthoma formation, distal gangrene |
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Venous (stasis) ulcer
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- after acute deep vein thrombosis or chronic incompetent valves in deep veins
- occur at medial malleolus - characterized by bleeding, uneven edges |
S: aching pain in calf/lower leg, worse at end of day, worse w/ prolonged standing or sitting
O: firm brawny edema; coarse, thickened skin; pulses normal; brown pigment discoloration; petechiae; dermatitis. |
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Superficial Varicose Veins
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- Incompetent valves permit reflux of blood, producing dilated tortuous veins.
- Unremitting hydrostatic pressure causes dital valves to be incompetent and causes worsening of the varicosity - over 45 years, occurrence is 3 times more common in women than in men. |
S: aching, heaviness in calf, easy fatigability, night leg/foot cramps
O: dilated, tortuous veins |
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Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis
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- Deep vein is occluded by a thrombus, causing inflammation, blocked venous return, cyanosis, and edema.
- caused by prolonged bed rest; history of varicose veins; trauma; infection; cancer; use of oral estrogenic contraceptives. - requires emergency referral because of risk of pulmonary embolism |
S: sudden onset of intense, sharp, deep muscle pain, may increase with sharp dorsiflexion of foot
O: increased warmth; swelling; redness dependent cyanosis; tender to palpation; Homan's Sign is present only in a few cases. |
