Ch. 18/19 Vocab

Front 1

Satellite Nations

Back 1

Countries dominated by the Soviet Union.

Front 2

Containment

Back 2

Taking measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries.

Front 3

Cold War

Back 3

A conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union in which neither nation directly confronted the other on the battlefield.

Front 4

Truman Doctrine

Back 4

In 1947, Truman asked Congress for $400 million in economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey. "It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted aubjugation by armed minorites or by outside pressures."

Front 5

Marshall Plan

Back 5

Revived European hopes. Over the next four years, 16 countried recieved some $13 billion in aid.

Front 6

Iron Curtain

Back 6

Came to stand for the division of Europe. When Stalin heard about the speech, he declared in no uncertain terms that Churchill's words were a "call to war."

Front 7

Berlin Airlift

Back 7

In attempt to break the blockade, American and British officials started the Berlin Aircraft, to fly food and supplies into West Berlin.

Front 8

NATO

Back 8

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The 12 members of NATO pledged military support to one another in case any member was attacked.

Front 9

Mao Zedong

Back 9

Led the Communists, of Nouthern China. Gained strength throughout the Country. In the areas they controlled, Communists worked to win peasant support.

Front 10

Chiang Kai-Sheik

Back 10

Led the Nationalists, of Eastern China. The United States supported Chiang. Between 1945 and 1949, the American government sent the Nationalists approximately $3 billion in aid.

Front 11

Taiwan

Back 11

Westerners called Taiwan, Formosa. After 20 years of struggle, the Communists ruled all of Mainland China.

Front 12

38th parallel

Back 12

Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and rulled it until August 1945, As World War II ended, Japanese troops north of (38 degrees North latitude) surrendered to the Americans.

Front 13

Korean War

Back 13

On June, 25, 1950 North Korean forces swept across the 38th parrallel in a suprise attack on South Korea.

Front 14

NSC – 68

Back 14

National Security Council Report 68. A 58 page formerly classified report issued by the United States Security Council

Front 15

HUAC

Back 15

House Un-American Activities Commitee. First made headlines in 1947, when it began to investigate communist influence in the movie industry. The Commitee believed that Communists were sneaking propaganda into films.

Front 16

Hollywood Ten

Back 16

Ten "unfriendly" witnesses were called to testify but refused. The ten men decided not to Cooperate because they believed that the hearings were unconstitutional.

Front 17

Blacklist

Back 17

A list of people whom they comdemned for having a Communist background.

Front 18

McCarran Act

Back 18

Made it unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of totalitarian dictatorship in the United States.

Front 19

Alger Hiss

Back 19

Former Communist spy named Whittaker Chambers accused Alger Hiss of spying for the Soviet Union.

Front 20

Rosenbergs

Back 20

Minor activists in the American Communist Party. When asked if they were Communists, the Rosenbergs denied the charges against them and pleaded the 5th Amendment.

Front 21

Senator Joseph McCarthy

Back 21

A Republican from Wisconsin. Aquired a reputation for being an ineffective legislator.

Front 22

McCarthyism

Back 22

Taking advantage of people's conerns about communism, McCarthy made one unsupported accuasation, after another. These attacks on suspected communists in the early 1950's became known as McCarthyism.

Front 23

H-Bomb

Back 23

The scientists who developed the atomic bomb had suspected since 1942 that it was possible to create an even more destructive thermo-nuclear weapon-the hydrogen bomb.

Front 24

Brinksmanship

Back 24

The willingness of the United States trimmed its army and navy and expanded its air force (which would deliever the bombs) and its buildup of nuclear weapons.

Front 25

John Foster Dulles

Back 25

Was a staunchly anti-communist. For Dulles, the Cold War was a moral crusade against communism.

Front 26

Dwight Eisenhower

Back 26

The president at the time of H-Bomb.

Front 27

CIA

Back 27

Central Intelligence Agency. Used spies to gather information aboard. As the nation shifted to a depence on nuclear arms, thr Eisenhower administration began to rely heavily on security.

Front 28

Warsaw Pact

Back 28

West Germany was allowed to rearm and join NATO, the Soviet Union grew fearful. Linked the Soviet Union with 7 eastern European countries.

Front 29

Nikita Khrushchev

Back 29

After Stalins death in 1953, the soviet union had no well-defined way for one leader to succeed another. For the first few years, a group of leaders shared power. As time went by, however.. one man gained power; Nikita Khrushchev

Front 30

Eisenhower Doctrine

Back 30

The soviet union's prestige in the Middle East rose because of its support for Egypt. To counterbalance this developement, President Eisenhower issued a warning in January 1957.

Front 31

Francis Gary Powers

Back 31

Pilot of U-2.

Front 32

U-2 Incident

Back 32

occurred during the Cold War on May 1, 1960, during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower, when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union.

Front 33

What was Truman’s goal in establishing the policy of containment?

Back 33

Faced with the Soviet threat, American officials decided it was time in Truman's words to stop "babysitting the Soviets".

Front 34

How were the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan examples of containment?

Back 34

They both take measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries.

Front 35

What were the effects of the Berlin airlift?

Back 35

The Berlin airlift was to fly food and supplies, into West Berlin. For 327 days, planes took off and landed every few minutes, around the clock. In 277,000 flights, they brought 2.3 million tons of supplies-everything from food, fuel, and medicine to Christmas presents that the planes' crews brought with their own money. The mission to aid Berlin boosted American prestige around the world. in May 1949, the Soviet Union realized it was beaten and lifted the blockade.

Front 36

Who did the US support in China and why?

Back 36

The US supported Chiang Kai-shek, because America admired the courage and determination that the Chinese Nationalists showed in resisting the Japanese during the War.

Front 37

What factors led to the Communist takeover in China?

Back 37

The nationalists collected a grain tax from farmers even during the famine of 1944. When city dwellers demonstrated against 10,000 percent increase in the price of rice, Chiang's secret police opened fire on them.

Front 38

Why did the US support South Korea in their conflict?

Back 38

The Republic of Korea, usually called South Korea, was established in the zone that had been occupied by the United States. The Soviets concluded that the US would not fight to defend South Korea. They prepared to back North Korea with tanks, airplanes, and money in an attempt to take over the entire peninsula.

Front 39

What did the US want to see in post WWII Europe?

Back 39

The US wanted to;
•Create a new world order in which all nations had the right to self-determination.
•Gain access to raw materials and markets for its industries.
•Rebuild European governments to ensure stability and to create new markets for American goods.
•Reunite Germany, believing that Europe would be more secure if Germany were productive.

Front 40

What did the Soviet Union want to see in post WWII Europe?

Back 40

The Soviets wanted to;
•Encourage communism in other countries as part of the worldwide struggle between workers and the wealthy.
•Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe's individual equipment and raw materials.
•Control Eatern Europe to balance US influence in Western Europe.
•Keep Germany divided and weak so that it would never get threaten the Soviet Union.

Front 41

How did MacArthur disagree with President Truman and what was eventually the outcome?

Back 41

Not satisfied with the recapture of South Korea, MacArthur continued to urge the waging of a full-scale war against China. Certain that his views were right, he tried to go over Truman's head. He spoke and wrote prvetely to newspaper and magazine publishers, espcially the Republican leaders. Truman wanted to put together a settlement of the war and could no longer tolerate a military commander who was trying to sabotage his policy. Truman later, fired MacArthur.

Front 42

How did Chinese involvement affect the outcome of the Korean War?

Back 42

The Chinese wanted North Korea as a Communist buffer state to protect their notheastern provinces that made up Manchuria. They also felt threatened by the American fleet that lay off their cost. The flight between North Korea and South Korea had escalated into a War in which the main opponents were the Chinese Communists and the Americans. By sheer force of numbers, the Chinese drove the UN troops southward. At some points along the battlefront, the Chinese outnumbered UN forced ten to one.

Front 43

What were causes of the fear of communism in the US?

Back 43

In the early years of Cold War, many Americans believed that there was good reason to be concerned about the security of the US. The Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and the Communist takeover of China shocked the American public, fueling a fear that communism would spread around the world. In addition, at the height of World War II, about 100,000 Americans claimed membership in the Communist Party. Some people feared that the first loyalty of these American Communists was to the Soviet Union.

Front 44

Why was Hollywood a target of Anti-Communist investigations by Congress?

Back 44

HUAC believed that communists were sneaking propaganda into films.

Front 45

What were the causes and effects of McCarthyism?

Back 45

McCarthyism is the unfair tactics of accusing people of disloyality without any evidence. Joseph McCarthy made one unsupported accuasation after another. The republicann did little to stop the attacks by McCarthy. But, one small group of 6 senators, spolke out.

Front 46

What was the role of the CIA in the Cold War?

Back 46

As the nation shifted to a dependence on nuclear arms, the Eisenhower administration began to rely heavily on the recently formed CIA for info. The CIA used spies to gaher info abroad. The CIA also began to carry out covert, or secret, operations to weaken or overthrow governments to the US.

Front 47

How did Hungary become a Cold War trouble spot?

Back 47

Dominated by the Soviet Union since the end of World War II, the Hungarian people rose in revolt in 1956. They called for a democratic government. In 1956, Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary and killed an est. 30,000 Hungarians.

Front 48

GI BILL OF RIGHTS

Back 48

To help ease veterans' return to civilian life, Congress passed the Servicement's Readjustment Act, aka GI Bill of Rights.

Front 49

LEVITTOWN

Back 49

Levitt's first postwar development-rows of standardized homes built on tree-less lots-were located on New York's Long Island and named Levittown

Front 50

SUBURBS

Back 50

Small residential communities surrounding cities.

Front 51

“THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY”

Back 51

Many Americans prospered in the 1950's in what the economist John Kenneth Galbraith called "The affluent society"

Front 52

TAFT-HARTLEY ACT

Back 52

Overturned many rights won by the unions under the New Deal.

Front 53

PRESIDENTS COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS

Back 53

In 1946, Truman created a President's Commission On Civil Rights. Following the group's recommendation, Truman asked Congress for several measures including a federal antilynching law, a ban on the poll tax as a voting requirement, and a permanent civil rights commission.

Front 54

DIXIECRATS

Back 54

To protest Truman's emphasis on civil righhts, a number of Southern Democrats-who became known as Dixiecrats. They formed the states' rights Democratic Party, and nominated their own presidential candidate, Governor J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina.

Front 55

STROM THURMOND

Back 55

Presidential Candidate, of South Carolina.

Front 56

FAIR DEAL

Back 56

an Extension of Roosevelt's New Deal, included proposals for nationwide system of compulsory health insurance and a crop-subsidy system to provide a steady income for farmers.

Front 57

CHECKERS SPEECH

Back 57

California Senator Richard M. Nixon, of profiting a secret slush fund set up by wealthy supporters. Nixon deicided to reply to the charges. In an emotional speech to an audience of 58 million, he exhibited masteful use of a new medium-television.

Front 58

BROWN VS BOARD OF EDUCATION

Back 58

Public schools must be racially intergrated.

Front 59

CONGLOMERATES

Back 59

A major corporation that includes a number of smaller companies in unrelated industries.

Front 60

FRANCHISE

Back 60

A company that offers similar products or services in many locations.

Front 61

THE ORGANIZATION MAN

Back 61

A book based on a classic 1956 study of Suburban park forest, and other communities.

Front 62

BABY BOOM

Back 62

As soldiers returned from World War II and settled into family life, they contributed to an unprecedented population explosion.

Front 63

DR JONAS SALK

Back 63

Developed a vaccine for the crippling disease poliomyelitis.

Front 64

INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM

Back 64

"Automania"- spurred local and state governments to construct roads linking the major cities while connecting schools, shopping centers, and workplaces to residential suburbs. The more cars there were, the more roads were needed.

Front 65

CONSUMERISM

Back 65

Buying material goods, came to be equated with success.

Front 66

PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE

Back 66

In addition to creating new products, manufacturers began using a marketing strategy called planned obsolscence. In order to encourage consumers to purchase more goods, manufacturers proposely designed products to become obsolete. (wear out)

Front 67

MASS MEDIA

Back 67

Means of communication that reach large audiences-television developed with lightning speed.

Front 68

FCC

Back 68

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) - Government agency that regulates and licenses television, telephone, telegraph, radio and other communication industries. Had allowed 500 new stations to broadcast.

Front 69

BEAT MOVEMENT

Back 69

Expressed the social and literary uncomformity of artists, poets, and writers.

Front 70

JACK KEROUAC

Back 70

Writer of the Novel of the movement, On The Road, published in 1957. The novel describes a nomadic search across America for authentic experience, people and values.

Front 71

ROCK N ROLL

Back 71

Cleveland Ohio, radio disc jockey named Alan Freed was among the first to play the music. The audience was mostly white but the music usually was produced by African-American musicians. He came up with the name "rock 'n' roll" A name that has to mean music both black and white-music that is American.

Front 72

WHITE FLIGHT

Back 72

Impacted on poor whites and nonwhites. The cities lost not only people and businesses but also the property they owned and imcome taxes they had paid.

Front 73

URBAN RENEWAL

Back 73

Is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use.

Front 74

HUD

Back 74

Housing and Urban Development. To aid in improving conditions in the inner city.

Front 75

BRACEROS

Back 75

Mexican "hired hands", were allowed into the United States to harvest crops.

Front 76

INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT

Back 76

In 1954, the United States Department of Interior began implementing the termination and relocation phases of the Act. Among other effects, termination resulted in the legal dismantling of 61 tribal nations within the United States.

This act was based upon the thought that tribes should be in existence for an indefinite period of time

Front 77

WHAT SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ADJUSTMENTS DID AMERICANS MAKE IN THE TIME FOLLOWING WORLD WARII? (SECTION 1)

Back 77

After WWII, The US converted from a wartime to a peacetime economy. The US government immediately canceled war contracts totaling $35,000,000,000. Unemployment increased as veterans joined laid-off defense workers in search for jobs. Veterans suffered a severe housing shortage.

Front 78

WHAT MATERIAL COMFORTS DID MUCH OF AMERICA ENJOY AS A PART OF THE BOOM OF THE 1950'S? (SECTION 2)

Back 78

New highways, and the availability and affordability of automobiles and gasoline made commuting possible. 13 million more homes were built. The suburbs embodied The Amrerican Dream of an affordable single-family house, good schools, a safe, healthy enviroment for children, and congenial neighbors just like themselves. + Advances in Medicine and Childcare.

Front 79

WHAT FORMS OF ENTERTAINMENT DID MAINSTREAM AMERICANS AS WELL AS THE NATIONS SUBCULTURES ENJOY IN THE 1950'S? (SECTION 3)

Back 79

Americans had the rise of television, Radio, Movies, Rock 'N' Roll, Telephones, Telegraph.

Front 80

AMIDST ALL OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SUCCESSES OF THE 50'S, WHAT WAS THE PLIGHT OF MILLIONS OF AMERICANS WHO LIVED IN POVERTY?

Back 80

Life in Postwar America did not live up to the "American Dream". In 1962, nearly one out of every four Americans was lving below the poverty level. Many of these poor were elderly people, single women, and their children, or members of minoirty groups, including African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans.