Ch. 18 Genetics

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Why is Eukaryotic Gene regulation more complex than prokaryotic?

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- larger amount of DNA
- larger number of chromosomes
- spatial separation of transcription an translation
-mRNA processing
- cellular differentiation in eukaryotes

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Why is Eukaryotic Gene regulation more complex than prokaryotic?

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- larger amount of DNA
- larger number of chromosomes
- spatial separation of transcription an translation
-mRNA processing
- cellular differentiation in eukaryotes

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Eukaryotic gene expression is influenced by:

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Chromosome organization and Chromatin Modifications

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Eukaryotic gene expression is influenced by:

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Chromosome organization and Chromatin Modifications

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interchromosomal domains

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channels between chromosomes

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Why is Eukaryotic Gene regulation more complex than prokaryotic?

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- larger amount of DNA
- larger number of chromosomes
- spatial separation of transcription an translation
-mRNA processing
- cellular differentiation in eukaryotes

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chromosome territories

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chromosome structure is continuously rearranged so that transcriptionally active genes are cycled to the edges of these

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interchromosomal domains

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channels between chromosomes

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Eukaryotic gene expression is influenced by:

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Chromosome organization and Chromatin Modifications

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chromosome territories

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chromosome structure is continuously rearranged so that transcriptionally active genes are cycled to the edges of these

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chromatin remodeling

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an important step in gene regulation and involves changes either to the nucleosome or DNA

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interchromosomal domains

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channels between chromosomes

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chromatin remodeling

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an important step in gene regulation and involves changes either to the nucleosome or DNA

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chromosome territories

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chromosome structure is continuously rearranged so that transcriptionally active genes are cycled to the edges of these

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chromatin remodeling

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an important step in gene regulation and involves changes either to the nucleosome or DNA

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H2A-Z

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a modified histone found in transcriptionally active genes' nucleosomes, this prevents the repressors from binding tot he promoter.

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histoen acetyltansferase enzymes (HATs)

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catalyzes histone acetylation and is associated with increased transcription

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SWI/SNF

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one of the best studied remodeling complexes

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nuclesome remodeling complexes alter nucleosome structure by:

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- altering the contacts between DNA and histones
- alternating the path of the DNA around the nucleosome
- altering the structure of the nucleosome core itself

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DNA methylation

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associated with decreased gene expression

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Promoters

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nucleotide sequences that serve as recognition sites for the transcription machinery and contain one or more elements including TATA, CAAT, and GC boxes

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TATA box

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region to which RNA polymerase II binds

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enhancers

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modular and contain several short DNA sequences increasing transcription rates.

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Silencers

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cis-acting elements that repress the level of transcription

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transcription factors

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transcription regulatory proteins that target cis- acting sites of genes regulating expression; they are modulated by phosphorylation or coactivator binding

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human metallothionein IIA gene

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provides an example of how a gene can be transcriptionally regulated through the interplay of multiple promoter and enhancer elements and the transcription factors that bind to them.

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Basal (general transcription factors

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required for binding of RNA polymerase II to the promoter

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TFIID

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the first general transcription factor to bind to the promoter, binds to the TATA box through the TATA binding protein. (TBP)

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Two domains of transcription facotrs:

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- a DNA binding domain
- a trans-activating domain- activates or represses transcription through protein-protein interactions

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characteristic domains of DNA binding proteins:

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- helix-turn-helix
- zinc finger
- basic leucine zipper motifs

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enhanceosome

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forms when activators bind to enhancers, and interact with the transcription complex

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GAL genes of yeast

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are inducible by presence of galactose, but only if the concentration of glucose is low
- susceptible to catabolite repression

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post-transcriptional regulation includes:

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- alternative splicing
- mRNA stability
- translation
- protein stability

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alternative splicing

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can generate different forms of mRNA from a pre-mRNA, giving rise to a number of proteins from one gene

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proteome

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number of proteins a cell can make

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sex lethal transformer and double sex genes

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part of a hierarchy of gene regulation for sex determination in DRosophila

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autoregulation

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controlling mRNA stability through translation level control

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RNA interference

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uses a protein called a dicer to cleave double-stranded RNA molecules into small intefering RNAs that bind to RNA-induced silencing complex for unwinding

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RNAi technology

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has been applied to creat single gene defects without having to induce inherited gene mutations

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gene silencing

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allows for the rapid analysis of gene function