Ch. 18 Chemistry

Front 1

Carbohydrates are composed of what element?

Back 1

1. carbon
2. hydrogen
3. oxygen

Front 2

How are carbohydrates produced?

Back 2

photosynthesis in plants

Front 3

What is another name for carbohydrates?

Back 3

saccharides (sugars)

Front 4

What is the major source of energy from our diet?
hint: hierarchy

Back 4

carbohydrates

Front 5

What are the 2 biochemical substances of carbohydrates?

Back 5

1. bioinorganic substances
-do not contain carbon
2. bioorganic substances
-contain carbon

Front 6

In biochemical substances, the hierarchy being used as prime source of energy?

Back 6

1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins

Front 7

What does bioorganic substances consist of?

Back 7

protein, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Front 8

what does bioinorganic substances consist of?

Back 8

water and inorganic salt

Front 9

carbohydrates chemically is known as?

Back 9

polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones

Front 10

What is the name of three carbons monosacchrides?

Back 10

triose

Front 11

What is the name of four carbons monosacchrides?

Back 11

tetrose

Front 12

What is the name of five carbons monosacchrides?

Back 12

pentose

Front 13

monosaccharides with an aldehyde group and many hydroxyl (-OH) group are called?

Back 13

aldoses

Front 14

monosacchrides with a ketone group and many hydroxyl (-OH) groups called?

Back 14

ketoses

Front 15

What is Glucose also known as?

Back 15

dextrose

Front 16

What do you use 5% solution glucose and water for?

Back 16

used as IV

Front 17

What is a carbohydrate that contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit?

Back 17

monosacchrides

Front 18

What is disaccharide?

Back 18

contain 2 monosacchrides units

Front 19

What is polysaccharide?

Back 19

contain many monosacchrides units

Front 20

Most monosacchrides exist in two different forms. What are they?

Back 20

"left-handed" and "right-handed"

Front 21

how are the two forms of monosaccharides related?

Back 21

same way that mirror images are related to each other
-the mirror image of the right hand is the left hand
-the mirror image of of the left hand is the right hand

Front 22

Is a person's left and right hands superimposable upon each other?

Back 22

No

Front 23

What is the definition of mirror images?

Back 23

the reflection of an object in a mirror

Front 24

What is the easiest way to determine if two mirror images are superimposable or not?

Back 24

make models

Front 25

images that coincides at all points when the images are laid upon each other is what type of mirror images?

Back 25

superimposable mirror images

Front 26

Images where not all points coincides when the images are laid upon each other is what type of mirror images?

Back 26

non-superimposable mirror images

Front 27

What are the rules of chiral objects?

Back 27

1. chiral molecules have mirror images that are not superimposable
2. chiral molecules contain at least one chiral center
3. chiral carbon atom has four different groups attached to it marked with *

Front 28

what is structural isomer?

Back 28

isomers in which atoms are connected to each other in different ways

Hint 28

slide 17
30:47

Front 29

What is stereoisomers?

Back 29

Isomers whose atoms are connected in the same way but differ in orientation

Hint 29

slide 17
30:47

Front 30

What is one form of stereoisomers?

Back 30

cis-trans isomers

Hint 30

slide 17
30:47

Front 31

What does stereoisomers always must have?

Back 31

chiral center and structural rigidity

Hint 31

slide 17
30:47

Front 32

There are 2 different kinds of stereoisomers. What are they?

Back 32

1. enantiomers
-stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other
2. diastereomers
-stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other

Hint 32

slide 18
31:58

Front 33

What is Fischer Projection?

Back 33

A two-dimensional structural notation for showing the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers in molecules

Hint 33

slide 23
40:51

Front 34

What is the properties of chiral centers?

Back 34

1. ability to rotate plane polarized light
2. light passing through polarized filters has waves only in one direction

Hint 34

slide 23
45:26

Front 35

What is levorotatory?

Back 35

rotation of light to the left

Hint 35

slide 27
51:58

Front 36

What is dextrorotatory?

Back 36

rotation of light to the right

Hint 36

slide 27
51:58

Front 37

What is the rule of thumb with "rotation of light"?

Back 37

don't confuse with D and L forms or "handedness" of molecules. They are different

Hint 37

slide 27
51:58

Front 38

what often contain more than one chiral center?

Back 38

monosaccharides
-there are at least two different forms of each monosaccharide, a left-handed form and a right handed form
-each form elicits a different chemical response

Hint 38

slide 29
55:09

Front 39

the distinctly different natural flavors of spearmint are caused by what molecules?

Back 39

enantiomeric molecules

Hint 39

slide 30
56:37

Front 40

What is intermolecular interactions?

Back 40

-interactions when there is binding or contact at three points
ex: enantiomeric pair bind differently

Hint 40

slide 31
59:30

Front 41

how are the vertical line arrangement of chiral center?

Back 41

bonds to groups directed into the page (away from you)

Hint 41

slide 23
40:51

Front 42

how are the horizontal lines arrangement of chiral center?

Back 42

bonds to groups directed out of the page (towards you)

Hint 42

slide 23
40:51

Front 43

monosaccharides with 5-6 carbon atoms form what structures?

Back 43

cyclic structures

Hint 43

slide 35
7:54

Front 44

the hydroxyl group on C-5 of a cyclic structure react with what group to form hemiacetal or hemiketal?

Back 44

aldehyde and ketone group

Hint 44

slide 35
7.54

Front 45

What cyclic structure has the final CH2OH group located above the ring?

Back 45

D-isomers (haworth structures)

Hint 45

slide 36
14:27

Front 46

The cyclic hemiacetal forms of D-glucose result from the intramolecular reaction between what two groups?

Back 46

carbonyl group and hydroxyl group on carbon 5

Hint 46

slide 37
18:04

Front 47

The alpha D-glucose OH always up or down?

Back 47

down

Hint 47

slide 38
20:07

Front 48

the beta D-glucose OH always up or down?

Back 48

up

Hint 48

slide 38
20:07

Front 49

How many form of maltose present in aqueous solution?

Back 49

3

Hint 49

slide 40
21:28

Front 50

What does glucose + glucose consist of what monosaccharides?

Back 50

maltose + water

Hint 50

slide 41
28:42

Front 51

What does glucose + galactose consist of what monosaccharides?

Back 51

lactose + water

Hint 51

slide 41
28:42

Front 52

What does glucose + fructose consist of what monosaccharides?

Back 52

sucrose + water

Hint 52

slide 41
28:42

Front 53

What is a continuous chain of glucose molecules linked by alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds?

Back 53

amylose

Hint 53

slide 44
55:55

Front 54

What is a branched chain of glucose molecules linked by a alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6-glycosidic bonds?

Back 54

amylopectin

Hint 54

slide 44
55:55

Front 55

What is similar to amylopectin, but more highly branched?

Back 55

glycogen

Hint 55

slide 44
55:55

Front 56

what is a polymer of glucose molecules linked by beta 1,4-glycosidic bonds?

Back 56

cellulose

Hint 56

slide 46
57:28

Front 57

what can hydrolyze in alpha 1,4-glycosidic bonds in starch but not in beta 1,4-glycosidic bonds in cellulose?

Back 57

enzymes in saliva

Hint 57

slide 46
57:28

Front 58

what is produced when a cyclic monosaccharide reacts with phospheric acid?

Back 58

phosphate ester

Hint 58

slide 49
1:01:46

Front 59

what link monomers in DNA?

Back 59

phosphodiesters

Hint 59

slide 49
1:01:46

Front 60

What is produced when a cyclic monosaccharide reacts with an amine?

Back 60

amine sugar is produce

Hint 60

slide 50
1:02:32