Ch 16 - The Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

Front 1

List the people who aided in the discovery of the genetic code in DNA.

Back 1

Mendel
Darwin
Morgan
Griffith
Chargoff
Avery/MacLeod
Hershey/Chase
Watson/Crick & Franklin
Meselson/Franklin

Hint 1

P.288-293

Front 2

What did Morgan's Experiment show?

Back 2

1. Genes are located on chromosomes
2. Chromosomes are made of DNA and Histones.

Hint 2

p.287

Front 3

In his work with pneumonia-causing bacteria and mice this person concluded that some chemical from pathogenic cells was transferred to non-pathogenic cells, making them pathogenic.

Back 3

Griffith, 1928

Hint 3

p.301

Front 4

Who provided evidence that DNA can transform bacteria?

Back 4

Griffith & Avery/MacLeod

Hint 4

p.288

Front 5

What is a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell?

Back 5

Transformation

Hint 5

p.288

Front 6

Who discovered that the transforming agent was DNA?

Back 6

Avery/MacLeod

Hint 6

p.288

Front 7

Who purified various chemicals from the heat-killed pathogenic bacteria, and then put each chemical into a nonpathogenic bacteria to see that DNA was the only chemical that transformed the nonpathogenic bacteria to become pathogenic.

Back 7

Avery/MacLeod

Hint 7

p.288

Front 8

What are viruses that infect bacteria?

Back 8

Bacteriophage

Hint 8

p.288

Front 9

Who showed that viral DNA can reprogram cells by putting in new genes?

Back 9

Hershey/Chase, 1952

Hint 9

p.288

Front 10

Who discovered that DNA is the genetic material of a phage?

Back 10

Hershey/Chase

Hint 10

p.288

Front 11

How did Hershey and Chase discover that a phage's DNA could reprogram bacteria cells to produce viruses?

Back 11

They used different radioactive isotopes to tag phage DNA and protein, and found that the phage's DNA entered the cell.

Hint 11

p.289

Front 12

Who provided evidence that DNA was the cause of molecular diversity?

Back 12

Chargaff (pairing), 1947

Hint 12

p.290

Front 13

What are Chargaff’s Rules?

Back 13

In the DNA of each species the number of A=T and C=G. Each of the nitrogenous bases are present in a characteristic ratio.

Hint 13

p.290

Front 14

Who discovered how the structure of DNA accounts fir its role in inheritance?

Back 14

Watson and Crick, 1953

Hint 14

p.290

Front 15

What is DNA a polymer of?

Back 15

Nucleotides

Hint 15

Notes 4-12-04

Front 16

How did Watson know that DNA was helical?

Back 16

Franklin's X-ray diffraction photo of DNA produced a pattern of a helical molecule.

Hint 16

p.291

Front 17

What 3 physical characteristics of DNA did Watson deduce from the X-ray diffraction photo?

Back 17

1. Helical shape
2. Spacing of the nitrogenous bases
3. Double stranded

Hint 17

p.291

Front 18

What enables existing DNA strands to serve as templates for new strands during DNA replication?

Back 18

Base pairing

Hint 18

p.293

Front 19

Which of the 3 models of DNA replication did Watson and Crick predict?

Back 19

Semi-conservative, the correct one!

Hint 19

p.293

Front 20

What 3 models of DNA replication were proposed by Meselson and Stahl?

Back 20

1. Conservative
2. Semi-conservative
3. Dispersive

Hint 20

p.293

Front 21

Who devised and tested an experiment for DNA replication?

Back 21

Meselson/Stahl

Hint 21

p.293

Front 22

Where does the replication of a DNA molecule start?

Back 22

Origins of Replication

Hint 22

p.295

Front 23

This is the stretch of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides.

Back 23

Origins of replication

Hint 23

p.295

Front 24

Which enzyme unwinds the DNA strand into 2 strands?

Back 24

Helicase

Hint 24

p.297-8

Front 25

Which enzyme begins the DNA replication process?

Back 25

Helicase

Hint 25

p.297-8 and Note 4-12-04

Front 26

Which bonds hold the nucleotides together, and are they covalent?

Back 26

H-bonds = non-covalent

Hint 26

Notes 4-12-04

Front 27

What type of bond does the sugar-phosphate backbone comprise?

Back 27

Covalent

Hint 27

Notes 4-12-04

Front 28

What does the semi-conservative model show?

Back 28

Each daughter cell is comprised of 1 old strand and 1 new strand.

Hint 28

Notes 4-12-04

Front 29

What function does DNA polymerase perform?

Back 29

Adds nucleotides to the growing end of a new DNA strand. These bond to the OH (3') to add to the 5' to 3' direction

Hint 29

p.295

Front 30

Which direction can a new DNA strand elongate in?

Back 30

5' › 3'

Hint 30

p.296

Front 31

What function does Ligase perform in DNA replication?

Back 31

Joins newly synthesized DNA

Hint 31

Notes 4-12-04

Front 32

What does Ligase create?

Back 32

Sugar-phosphate linkage

Hint 32

Notes 4-12-04

Front 33

What function does Primase perform in DNA replication?

Back 33

Tells the DNA where to start to make a RNA primer to start a new chain.

Hint 33

p.297

Front 34

In which order are enzymes used in DNA replication?

Back 34

1. Helicase
2. Primase
3. DNA Polymerase
4. Ligase

Hint 34

p.298

Front 35

What is a discontinuously joined DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork?

Back 35

Lagging Strand

Hint 35

Glossary

Front 36

What is a continuously joined DNA strand that elongates in a direction along the template strand in the mandatory 5'› 3' direction?

Back 36

Leading Strand

Hint 36

Glossary

Front 37

Does ligase operate on the leading or lagging strand?

Back 37

Lagging Strand

Hint 37

p.297

Front 38

What is meant when we say that the 2 DNA strands are antiparallel?

Back 38

Their sugar-phosphate backbone runs in opposite directions.

Hint 38

p.296

Front 39

How do we describe the 2 sugar-phosphate backbones relative to one another?

Back 39

Anti-parallel (upside down not going in the same direction.)

Hint 39

p.296

Front 40

At which end of a growing strand can DNA polymerase join new nucleotides?

Back 40

3' end of a growing strand (OH end)

Hint 40

p.302 Self Quiz Q.4

Front 41

The primer that initiates synthesis of a new DNA strand is usually what type of macromolecule, and which one specifically?

Back 41

Nucleotide; RNA

Hint 41

p.302 Self Quiz Q 6