Ch. 16 The Ferment Of Reform And Culture 1790-1860

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Nathaniel Hawthorne

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(1804-1864) Calvinist, obsessed with original sin and with the never-ending struggle between good and evil
wrote the Scarlet Letter(1850) about Puritan practices and The Marble Fawn(1860) about the omnipresence of evil

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Temperance

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total abstinence from alcoholic liquors

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American Temperance Society

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formed in Boston in 1826, begged drinkers to sign the temperance pledge and organized children's clubs "Cold Water Army"
handed out pictures, pamphlets, and lurid lecturers

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Women's Christian Temperance Union

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The WCTU was organized by women who were concerned about the destructive power of alcohol and the problems it was causing their families and society.
They met in churches to pray and then marched to the saloons to ask the owners to close their establishments. These activities are often referred to as the "Women's Crusades" and their success was both the forerunner and impetus for the founding of the WCTU.

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Maine Law 1851

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"the law of heaven Americanized"
prohibited the manufacturing and sale of intoxicating liquor
Dow, the "father of prohibition," sponsored the law

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Asylum Movement

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The mentally deranged were cursed with unclean spirits; the 19th century idea was that they were beasts. Many were chained in jails or poorhouses with sane people. Until Dorothea Dix stepped in with her petition to the Massachusetts legislature in 1843, which was passed, creating better conditions for the mentally insane.

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Dorothea Dix

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(1802-1887) Traveled 60,000 miles in 8 years collecting her damning reports on insanity and asylums. She sent a petition to the Massachusetts legislature in 1843, describing how awful the conditions were for the mentally insane. Her persistent prodding resulted in improved conditions.

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Samuel Gridley Howe

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physician, abolitionist, and an advocate of education for the blind. He organized and was the first director of the Perkins Institution. An abolitionist, in 1863, he was one of three men appointed by the Secretary of War to the American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission, to investigate conditions of freedmen in the South since the Emancipation Proclamation and recommend how they could be aided in their transition to freedom.

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Penitentiaries

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In the 19th century the first state prisons were established. Its a prison for people convicted of serious crimes.

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Horace Man

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He was an idealistic graduate of Brown University, secretary of the Massachusetts board of education. He was involved in the reformation of public education (1825-1850). He campaigned for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. He caused a reformation of the public schools, many of the teachers were untrained for that position.

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Public School movement

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Free public education triumphed in 1825 with vote power in Jackson's election. Tax supported schools were originally opposed because rich kids went to private school, but the rich realized the "brats" would grow up to have voting rights.

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McGuffey readings

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a series of graded primers, including grade levels 1-6, widely used as textbooks in American schools. McGuffey readings hammered in lasting lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism.

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Women's Rights movement

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led by Stanton, Mott, and Anthony. Their goals were to gain equal rights for women like the right to vote and to go to the same college as a man. In 1920 the 19th Amendment was passed giving women the right to vote.

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Sarah Grimke; Angeline Grimke

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were 19th-century Southern American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights. They traveled throughout the North, lecturing about their first hand experiences with slavery on their family's plantation. They received abuse and ridicule for their abolitionist activity. They became early activists in the women's rights movement.

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Lucretia Mott

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A social reformer, women's rights activist, and Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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was a member of the women's right's movement in 1840, She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848 Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

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Declaration of Sentiments

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declared that "all men and women are created equal"
One resolution formally demanded the ballot for females. written by Elizabeth Stanton

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Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

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Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments". This meeting launched the modern women's rights movement. Seneca Falls, NY

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Susan B. Anthony

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a social reformer and a Quaker
In 1852 she founded the New York Women's State Temerance Society after she was not allowed to speak at a temperance conference because she was a woman. In 1863 she founded the Women's Loyal National League. In 1869 she founded the National Woman Suffrage Association. Many people opposed what Anthony was doing, but despite the abuse she traveled the nation for the vote for women's rights and the abolition of slavery until her death in 1906.