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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is susceptibility?
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Lack of resistance to a disease
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What is immunity?
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ability to ward off disease
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What is innate immunity?
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any natural nonspecific defenses against any pathogen
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What is adaptive immunity?
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immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen
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What are the three characteristics of non-specific immunity?
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not specific
constitutive no memory |
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What are the 1st lone of defenses?
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intact skin
mucous membranes and their secretions normal flora |
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How does the skin provide as a defense?
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consists of tightly packed cells with keratin
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How do mucous membranes provide as a defense?
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has thick, moist epithelium
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How does the ciliary escalator provide as a defense?
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microbes are trapped in mucus are transported away from the lungs
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How does the lacrimal apparatus provide as a defense?
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constant tears over eyes washes away microbes
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How does saliva provide as a defense?
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washing of teeth and mouth reduces colonization
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How does urine and vaginal secretions provide as a defense?
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urine and vaginal secretions washes the microbes out
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How do lysozymes provide as a defense?
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attack other cells
in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids |
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How does the pH of gastric juices provide as a defense?
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very low
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How do transferrins in blood provide as a defense?
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they find iron
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How do the secretions of the skin provide as a defense?
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high salt concentrations
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How does the pH of the vagina provide as a defense?
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very low
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What is the lymphatic system?
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drainage system for the body
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How does the lymphatic system work?
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it collects excess fluid in lymphatic ducts
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Where does the lymphatic system start?
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in the tissues
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What kind of membranes do capillary beds have? Why?
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incomplete to allow cells and big proteins to move across it and into the tissues
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What do the lymphatic vessels do?
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picks up hormones, waste, lactic acid, and even infectious diseases, cells and filtered through the lymph nodes
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Why is everything filtered through the lymph nodes?
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contain macrophages which recognize foreign material and destroy it
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What do erythrocytes do?
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do not leave blood, carry 02
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What do platelets do?
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control blood loss, not cells, do not leave blood
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What are the granulocytes?
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neutrophils
basophils eosoniphils |
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What are neutrophils?
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granules have a neutral pH, stain grey
phagocytic cells 1st of arrive 1st to die after leaving blood |
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What are basophils?
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granules have basic pH which
not phagocytic contains histamine found in connective tissues responsible for inflammation |
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What are eosoniphils?
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have acidic granules which contain toxic proteins
important to fight worm infections and for allergies |
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What are dendritic cells?
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found in connective tissue
phagocytic circulate leave tissue and go into lymphatic system to lymph nodes and present the antigens that they encountered to the lymphocytes |
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What are the agranulocytes?
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monocytes
lymphocytes T cells B cells |
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What are the monocytes?
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found in blood
changes to a macrophage when it enters the tissue high phagocytic removes bacteria and starts repair leaves tissue and goes to lymph nodes to present antigens |
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What are T cells?
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not phagocytic
recognize specific antigens |
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What are B cells?
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not phagocytic
recognize specific antigens and produces antibodies |
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Where are fixed macrophages?
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lungs, liver, bronchi
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Where are wandering macrophages?
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roam in tissues
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What are K cells?
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natural killer cells
resistant to viral infection |
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What is the % of neutrophils in the blood?
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60-70
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What is the & of basophils in the blood?
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.5-1
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What is the % of eosinophils in the blood?
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2-4
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What is the % of monocytes in the blood?
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3-8
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What is the % of lymphocytes in the blood?
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20-25
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How does phagocytosis work?
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sends cytoplasm around microbe and engulfs it
then it isolates the microbe moves lysosomes to fuse with phagosome which chews and kills microbe uses any of the microbe and then tosses the waste |
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Which cells are phagocytic?
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neutrophils, macrophages, dendretic cells
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What are the signs of inflammation? Why?
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redness- increased blood flow
pain- increased permeability heat- increased blood flow swelling- increased permeability |
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Where are the acute-phase proteins made?
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liver
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What happens when histamine is released?
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vasodilation
increased permeability of blood vessels |
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What happens when kinins is released?
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vasodilation
increased permeablity of blood vessels |
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What happens when prostaglandins are released?
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intensity of histamine and kinin effect- pain
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What happens when leukotrienes are released?
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increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment
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What is chemoattractants?
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chemicals released to direct WBCs
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What are the steps of inflammation?
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damage to tissue
histamine released vasodilation increased blood flow increased heat increased permeability tissues are pushed apart- pain |
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What are the advantages of fever?
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increase transferrins
increase IL-1 activity increase immune responses bacteria cannot survive high temps |
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What are the disadvantages of fever?
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tachycardia
acidosis dehydration |
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What is fibrinogen? Where is it made? What does it do?
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protein made in the liver to help clots
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What is C3? Where is it made? What does it do?
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protein made in the liver
compliment molecule |
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What are the three effects of the complement system?
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opsonization
cytolysis inflammation |
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What is opsonization?
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enhances phagocytosis
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What is cytolysis?
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lysis of the microbe
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What is inflammation?
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attracks phagocytes
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What activates mast cells to release histamine and leaks out of capillary beds into tissues?
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C5a and C3a
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How is the classical pathway activated?
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by an antibody and C1
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How is the alternative pathway activated?
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BDP and C3
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How is the lectin pathway activated?
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lectin binds to carbs
C2 and C4 are activated |
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What are interferons?
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proteins made by viral infected cells
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What do interferons do?
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when virus infected cells secrete IFNs they bind to other cells and creates an anti-viral state to protect the cell to slow down viral replication
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What do alpha IFN and beta IFN do?
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cause cells to produce anti-viral proteins that inhibit viral replication
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What do gamma IFN do?
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causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria
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