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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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Viral deseases of blood & lymphatic
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in US in 1981 Luc Montagnier & Robert Gallo isolated & cultured HIV-1 linked to AIDS. Retroviridae family HIV-2 develops more slowly than HIV-1 Genome packed w/ reverse transcriptase DNA from RNA integrates into hose DNA as provirus Infects T lymphocytes (CD4 & T cells) Allows opportunistic pathogens ton infect the body Infects and paralyzes B lymphocytes Stage 1 flu-like illness Seroconversion is activation of immune system w/ antibodies detected in the blood Stage II free of major diseases, last 6-8 years, HIV levels in blood rise Stage III immune loses to HIV, symptoms worsen, opportunistic infections develop Transmitted by STD and blood ELISA blood test detect antibodies, test during 1st 3 mo. of infection not accurate Azidotheymidine (AZT) 1st treatment drug to interfere w/ reverse transcriptase Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) HAART reduces risk of HIV transmission & extend life of patients by 8 years. Continually mutates & recombines |
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Infectious mononucleosis
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Blood disease
Affects B lymphocytes in lymph node and spleen Contact w/ saliva Caused by Epstien-Barr virus (EBV) Many children infected but no symptoms Adolescents may develop EBV disease (precursor of mononucleosis) Complications are heart defects, facial paralysis, ruptured spleen, & jaundice (hepatitis) individual is carrier for several months Diagnosis observation of elevated lymphocyte, presence of Downey cells (damaged B cells) Monospot test identify antibodies No vaccine or drugs for treatment |
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EBV
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Burkitt lymphoma
Jaw tumor prevalent in Africa Malaria parasite help stimulate tumor development Associated w/ T cell malignancies, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, B cell lymphomas, hodgkin disease, & MS |
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
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Serious birth defects
Common Produce infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms Pass into fetus causing mental impairment Can reactivate and accelerate progression of HIV to AIDS infecting many body tissues |
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Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
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Bloodborne
A global health problem Hepadnaviridae family Virions have nucleocapsid surrounded by core antigen (HBcAg) & envelope containing surface antigen (HBsAg) direct/indirect contact w/ bodily fluid In 1-6 months liver is infected 3-4 months recovery after jaundice Several vaccines and drugs available |
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
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bloodborne
Flaviviridae family Transmitted by blood Symptomless chronic infection Cirrhosis Damages liver Accelarated by alcoholism and drug use |
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Hepatitis D virus (HDV)
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Bloodborne
Damages liver only when HBV is present |
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Hepatitis G virus (HGV)
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Bloodborne
Chronic liver disease transmitted by blood or STD |
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Flaviviruses
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Viral disease causing hemorrhagic fevers
Terrifying and severe illness Aka arbovirus due to arthropodborne Yellow fever Person to person via mosquitoes, Stegomyia aegypti |
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Yellow fever
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Viral disease causing hemorrhagic fevers
Abrupt headaches Fever Muscle pain Most patients recover in 3-5 days Reappears in some w// nausea, uncontrollable hiccups, black vomit, jaundice, delirium, hemorrhaign of the gums, mouth, & nose 50% enter a coma & die from internal hemorrhaging 2 vaccines available No therapeutic drugs exist |
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Dengue fever
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Viral disease causing hemorrhagic fevers
occurs in 4 types transmitted by 2 mosquito species, S. aegypti and S. albopicta High fever and prostration Sharp pains like bones are breaking Complicaitons are unusual unless another type of dengue enters body Hemorrhagic fever Sever vomiting & shock decreased blood pressure |
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Bunyaviruses
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Viral disease causing hemorrhagic fevers
Spread by infected animals Hantavirus pulmonary syndrom (HPS) occurs in the S.W. US Caused by strain "Sin Nombre" Host is deer mouse shedding the virus in saliva, urine, & feces Humans are infected by inhalation of dried aerosolized urine or feces Symptoms are headaches,dizziness, difficulty breathing, & low blood pressure Respiratory failure if lungs fill w/ fluid |
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Sandfly fever
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Viral disease causing hemorrhagic fevers
Transmitted by sandflies of genus Phlebotomus Symptoms similar to dengue fever |
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Rift Valley fever
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Affects livestock animals
transmitted by several mosguito genera Symptoms similar to dengue fever |
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Dengue fever
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Viral disease causing hemorrhagic fevers
occurs in 4 types transmitted by 2 mosquito species, S. aegypti and S. albopicta High fever and prostration Sharp pains like bones are breaking Complicaitons are unusual unless another type of dengue enters body Hemorrhagic fever Sever vomiting & shock decreased blood pressure |
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Bunyaviruses
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Viral disease causing hemorrhagic fevers
Spread by infected animals Hantavirus pulmonary syndrom (HPS) occurs in the S.W. US Caused by strain "Sin Nombre" Host is deer mouse shedding the virus in saliva, urine, & feces Humans are infected by inhalation of dried aerosolized urine or feces Symptoms are headaches,dizziness, difficulty breathing, & low blood pressure Respiratory failure if lungs fill w/ fluid |
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Sandfly fever
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Viral disease causing hemorrhagic fevers
Transmitted by sandflies of genus Phlebotomus Symptoms similar to dengue fever |
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Rift Valley fever
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Affects livestock animals
transmitted by several mosguito genera Symptoms similar to dengue fever |
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Filoviridae
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Severe hemorrhagic lesions of tissues
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Ebola hemorrahig fever (EHF)
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Occasional outbreaks in Africa
50-90% mortality Zoonotic Fruit bats are reservoir Transmitted through blood or secretions Damages endothelial cells causing massive internal bleeding and hemorrhaging |
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Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF)
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1st identified in tissues of green monkeys
Unclear mode of transmission Symptoms similar to EHF, but fatality is lower |
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Arenaviridae
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Chronic infections in rodents
Lassa fever by zoonotic virus carried by rodents Transmitted through aerosol or direct contact w/ rodent excretion or contaminated food Severe fever Exhaustion Patchy blood0filled hemorrhagic lesions of throat |
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Congo-Crimea hemorrhagic fever
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Occurs worldwide
Oropouche fever & Sabia virus affect Brazil Junin & Machupo occur in Argentina and Bolivia Guanarito virus Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever |
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Hepatitis viruses A & E
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Viral infections of GI tract
Transmitted by GI tract Hep A is an acute inflammatory liver disease Raw shellfish Picornaviridae family Enlargement of liver & Jaundice after initial symptoms High standards of personal & environmental standards needed to prevent transmission 3 vaccines for different age group No known treatment |
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Hepatitis E
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Opportunistic emergent disease
Calicviridae family Young adults and pregnant women most susceptible |
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Viral Gastroenteritis
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Caused by several unrelated viruses
General name of illnesses involving diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, cramping, headache, & malaise |
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Rotavirus infections
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Deadly infection in children
Transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food or water Invades small intestine Induces diarrhea 2 vaccines available |
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Norovirus infections
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Common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults
Transmitted by fecal-oral route, direct p-to-p contact, contact with infected surfaces Outbreaks seen on cruise ships Highly contagious Dehydration most common complication |
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Coxsackie virus
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Enterovirus infection
Different strains |
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Echovirus
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Enterovirus infection
Many strains Can cause gastroenteritis, aseptic meningitis, exanthemas |
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Rabies virus
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Viral disease of the Nervous system
Highest mortality rate Occur in warm blooded animals Enters through skin wound 6 - 12 months incubation Depends of location of entry and virus amount Fever, headache, increased muscle tension develop Patients become alert & aggressive Paralysis & brain degeneration Respiratory paralysis w/i days Post-exposure immunization immediately after exposure Furious rabies in animals wide eyes, drooling, unprovoked attacks Dumb rabies docile & lethargic, vaccination by inoculated dog food and fish meal |
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Polio virus
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Next infectious disease eradicated
Poliomyelitis infects gray mater of spinal cord & brain Enter the body through contaminated food and water Multiply in tonsils, lymph tissue, & GI tract Pass through the bloodstream to the meninges Paralysis of limbs and trunk Bulbar polio infects medulla affecting nerves in neck, face, & upper torso Trivalent vaccines has 3 types of poliovirus Postpolio syndrome occur in individuals who had disease decades ago |
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Different Flaviviruses
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Carried by blood-sucking arthropods
Encephalitis is acute inflammation of brain Arboviral encephalitis head & neck pains, convulsions, & coma Paralysis & mental disorders Many forms Transmitted by mosquitoes & ticks |
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West nile fever
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Emerging disease in Western hemisphere
Infects birds, mosquitoes, humans, & other mammals Transmitted through mosquito bites Asymptomatic Rare encephalitis or meningitis causing permanent neurologic effects or death No vaccine or specific treatment |
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Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM)
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Usually found in rodents
Transmitted through urine & feces Symptoms tend to be mild & influenza-like |
