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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
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Government agency responsible for managing American Indian issues.
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John M. Chivington
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U.S. army colonel who participated in the Sand Creek Massacre.
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Sand Creek Massacre
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Some 200 Indians, most of them women and children, were killed in this massacre.
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Sitting Bull
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A Lakota Sioux indian who emerged as an important leader of Sioux resistance.
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George Armstrong Custer
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Lieutenant Colonel who, with about 600 members of the US 7th Cavalry, died in the Battle of Little Bighorn.
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Battle of Little Bighorn
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The last victory for the Sioux indians. The American Army increased their efforts after Custer's defeat.
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Wovoka
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An Indian who began a religious movement known as the Ghost Dance. It was designed to bring ancestors back to life.
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Massacre at Wounded Knee
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Shocking many Americans, it marked the end of the bloody conflict between soldiers and American Indians on the Great Plains.
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Chief Joseph
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Nez Perce leader who reluctantly agreed to relocate to a reservation in Idaho.
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Geronimo
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Apache leader who, with a group, raided settlers throughout Arizona and Mexico. He surrendered in 1884.
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Sarah Winnemucca
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Called attention to the problems of American Indians and demanded fair treatment.
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Dawes General Allotment Act
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Required that Indian lands be surveyed and that American Indian families receive an allotment of 160 acres of reservation land for farming.
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Homestead Act
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Permitted "any citizen or intended citizen to select any surveyed land up to 160 acres and to gain title to it after five year's residence" if the person cultivated the land.
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Pacific Railway Act
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Gave lands to railroad companies to develop a railroad line linking the East and West coasts.
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Morrill Act
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Granted a total of more than 17 million acres of federal land to the states.
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Exodusters
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Some 20,000 to 40,000 African American settlers who fled the south, where violence had broken out during elections.
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Benjamin Singleton
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A 70-year-old former slave, one of the leaders of the "Exodusters" who trekked west.
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U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
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Helped farmers adapt to their new environment in the Great Plains.
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Bonanza farm
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A large-scale operation that were owned by large companies and operated like factories, with machinery, managers, and laborers for different tasks.
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Willa Cather
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A western writer who recorded stories about life on the Great Plains. She had traveled west with her family to a farm in Nebraska, which she found fascinating.
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Texas longhorn
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Bred by english cattle and spanish cattle, the longhorn was hardy, able to travel long distances, and could live on grass year-round.
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Long/Cattle drives
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Cowboys drove their cattle for extremely long distances to reach rail lines in the midwest.
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Railhead
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Every cattle drive ended at one of these. They were towns located along railroads, where brokers bought cattle to ship east on railroad cars.
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Open range
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Free grazing land.
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Joseph Glidden
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Patented barbed wire in 1874.
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Barbed wire
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Cheap fencing material made to keep cattle in an enclosed area.
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Comstock Lode
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One of the world's richest silver veins, where over a period of 20 years, its mines yielded about 500 million worth of precious metal. Located by the Carson river valley in Nevada.
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Patio process
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Used mercury to extract silver from ore.
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William H. Seward
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US secretary of state who negotiated the purchase of Alaska in 1867.
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Hydraulic mining
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Where water shot at high pressure ripped away gravel and dirt to expose minerals beneath.
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Hard-rock mining
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Involved sinking deep shafts to obtain ore locked in veins of rocks.
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Sod houses
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Buildings made from chunks cut from heavy topsoil that were stacked like bricks.
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