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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Which is a function of the somatic nervous system?
a. The conduction of impulses to involuntary muscles and glands b. The conduction of impulses to the central nervous system c. The conduction of impulses regulating voluntary control of skeletal muscles d. The conduction of impulses between the brain and spinal cord |
c
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2. A neuron with a single dendrite at one end of the cell body and a single axon at the other end of the cell body would be classified as:
a. unipolar b. multipolar c. monopolar d. bipolar |
d
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3. Neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS are called:
a. afferent neurons b. sensory neurons c. efferent neurons d. association neurons |
c
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4. Neurons are specialized for the conduction of impulses, whereas neuroglia:
a. support nerve tissue b. serve as motor end plates c. synthesize acetylcholine and cholinesterase d. initiate responses maintaining homeostasis |
a
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5. There is one-way conduction at a synapse because:
a. only postsynaptic neurons contain synaptic vesicles b. acetylcholine prevents nerve impulses from traveling in both directions c. only the presynaptic neuron contains neurotransmitters d. only dendrites release neurotransmitters |
c
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6. Which of the following contains the thalamus and hypothalamus?
a. The diencephalon b. The cerebrum c. The medulla oblongata d. The brainstem |
a
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7. The reticular activating system:
a. programs for fine repetitive motor movements b. maintains wakefulness c. maintains constant internal environments d. affects the positioning of the head to improve hearing |
b
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8. Which of the following statements best describes the spinal cord?
a. It descends inferior to the lumbar vertebrae b. It conducts motor impulses from the brain c. It descends to the fourth lumbar vertebra d. It conducts sensory impulses from the brain |
b
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9. Which of the following is a protective covering of the CNS?
a. CSF b. Dura mater c. Precentral gyrus d. Cauda equina |
b
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10. The composition of cerebrospinal fluid is:
a. the same as blood b. distilled H2O with dissolved salts c. a plasmalike liquid with glucose, salts, proteins, and urea d. a heavy mucous solution with dissolved salts, glucose, and urea |
c
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11. An autonomic ganglion can be described as:
a. the site of synapses between visceral efferent neurons b. a site where spinal reflexes occur c. a point of synapse between parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons. d. the place where unconscious sensations occur |
a
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12. Clusters of nerve cell bodies and dendrites located within the peripheral nervous system are called:
a. nuclei b. tracts c. nerves d. ganglia |
d
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13. A mass of nerve cell bodies and dendrites located within the central nervous system is a:
a. sulcus b. ganglion c. nucleus d. tract |
c
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Match the structures with the sympathetic nerve-stimulating effect
14. Breathing passageways 15. Intestines 16. Liver a. increases diameter b. decreases diameter c. increases metabolic activity d. decreases metabolic activity |
14. a
15. d 16. c |
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Matching
17. Schwann cell 18. Dendrite a. the outer, nucleated layer of a certain cell b. produces myelin sheaths c. carries impulses away from the perikaryon d. a covering over neuron fibers e. conducts impulses to cell body |
17. b
18. e |
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Matching
19. Sensory neuron 20. Effector a. carries impulses to the central nervous system b. carries impulses to a responding organ c. responds to motor impulse d. stimulated by one neuron and passes impulse onto another neuron e. responds directly to changes in environment |
19. a
20. c |
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Match the function with the cranial nerve
21. Tasting 22. Balance maintenance a. facial b. olfactory c. vestibulocochlear d. hypoglossal e. optic |
21. a
22. c |
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Match characteristic with division of ANS
23. More extensive use of norepinephrine 24. Effects are more widespread and long-lasting 25. Elicits energy conservation and restoration a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic |
23. a
24. a 25. b |
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Arterial Systems Supplying the Brain
What three cerebral arteries supply blood to the brain? |
Anterior
Middle Posterior |
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Which cerebral artery supplies blood to the basal ganglia, corpus callosum, medial surface of cerebral hemisphere, superior surface of frontal and parietal lobes
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anterior cerebral artery
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What brain structures does the middle cerebral artery supply blood to?
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Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe (primarily cortical surfaces
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To which brain structures does the posterior cerebral artery supply blood?
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part of diencephalon and temporal lobe; occipital lobe
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What does blockage of the anterior cerebral artery lead to?
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hemiplegia on contralateral side of body, greater in lower than in upper extremities
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Blocking the middle cerebral artery causes what?
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aphasia in dominant hemisphere and contralateral hemiplegia
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Posterior cerebral artery blockage does what to where?
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visual loss; sensory loss; contralateral hemiplegia if cerebral peduncle affected
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The brain receives __ of the cardiac output, or __ to __ ml of blood flow per minute.
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20%
800 to 1000 |
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__ __ serves as a primary regulator for blood flow within the CNS. It is a potent vaso__ in the CNS, and its effects ensure an adequate blood supply.
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Carbon dioxide
vasodilator |
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What two systems supply blood to the brain?
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internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries |
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The vertebral arteries, posteriorly, originate as branches off the what?
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subclavian arteries
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Also known as the arterial circle, what is a structure credited with the ability to compensate for reduced blood flow from any one of the major contributors?
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Circle of Willis
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What three protective membranes make up the meninges?
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dura mater (literally hard mother)
arachnoid pia matter |
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The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae. Number the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, fused sacral, and fused coccygeal.
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7 cervical
12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 fused sacral 4 fused coccygeal |
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What is a fascicle?
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A bundle of individual nerve fibers.
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Spinal and cranial nerves are categorized as what kind of nerves?
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Peripheral nerves
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The autonomic nervous system is considered part of the __ division of the peripheral nervous system, even though afferent neurons are an important part of this system.
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efferent
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The motor component of the autonomic nervous system is a two-neuron system consisting of _ganglionic neurons (myelinated) and _ganglionic neurons (unmyelinated). This contrasts with the somatic nervous system.
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pre
post |
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What is significant about preganglionic neurons?
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They are myelinated
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What is significant about postganglionic neurons?
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Unmyelinated
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The ANS coordinates and maintains a steady-state among visceral (__) organs, such as regulation of __ muscle, __ muscle, and the __ of the body.
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internal
cardiac smooth glands |
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The ANS is separated structurally and functionally into two divisions: the __ nervous system, and the __ nervous system.
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sympathetic
parasympathetic |
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The sympathetic nervous system functions to mobilize energy stores in times of need (the __ __ __ response). It receives its innervation from cell bodies located from the first __ (_) through the second __ (_) regions of the spinal cord and is therefore called the __ division.
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fight or flight response
thoracic (T1) lumbar (L2) thoracolumbar |
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Some preganglionic axons form pathways called __ nerves, which lead to collateral __ surrounding the abdominal __.
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splanchnic
ganglia aorta |
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The collateral ganglia are named according to the branches of the aorta nearest them, namely, the __, superior __, and __ mesenteric.
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celiac
mesenteric inferior |
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Preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons within the __ ganglia.
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collateral
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Because preganglionic sympathetic fibers are all __, travel to the adrenal medulla is quick, and innervation cause the rapid release of catecholamines (__ and __).
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myelinated
epinephrine norepinephrine |
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The parasympathetic nervous system functions to conserve and restore energy. The nerve cell bodies of this division are located in the cranial nerve nuclei and in the sacral region of the spinal cord and therefore constitute the __ division.
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craniosacral
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Unlike the sympathetic division, the preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division travel to __ close to the organs they innervate before forming synapses with relatively short __ neurons.
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ganglia
postganglionic |
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Preganglionic parasympathetic arising from nuclei in the brainstem travel to the viscera of the head, __, and __ within cranial nerves - including the __ (III), __ (VII), __ (IX), and __ (X) nerves.
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thorax
abdomen oculomotor facial glossopharyngeal vagus |
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Sympathetic preganglionic fibers and and parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers release __ - the same neurotransmitter released by somatic __ neurons. These fibers are characterized by __ transmission.
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acetylcholine
efferent cholinergic |
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Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers release __ (adrenaline) and thus are considered to function by __ transmission. A few postganglionic sympathetic fibers, such as those that innervate the sweat glands, release __.
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norepinephrine
adrenergic transmission acetylcholine |
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The action of catecholamines (__, __, __) varies with the type of neuroreceptor stimulated. Catecholamines are also released by the adrenal medulla gland that physiologically and biochemically resembles the __ nervous system
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epinephrine
norepinephrine sympathetic |
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Two types of adrenergic receptors?
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alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
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1. Which alpha subtype is associated with excitation or stimulation
2. Which alpha subtype is associated with relaxation or inhibition? |
1. alpha1
2. alpha2 |
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1. What do beta1 subtypes facilitate?
2. What do beta2 subtypes facilitate? |
1. increased heart rate and contractility and cause the release of renin from the kidney
2. all of the remaining effects attributed to beta-adrenergic receptors |
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Norepinephrine stimulates all _1-adrenergic and _1-adrenergic and only certain _2-adrenergic receptors. The primary response from norepinephrine is stimulation of _1-adrenergic receptors that cause vaso__.
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alpha
beta1 beta2 alpha1 vasoconstriction |
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Epinephrine strongly stimulates all four types of receptors and induces general __ because of the predominance of _-adrenergic receptors in muscle vasculatures.
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vasodilation
beta |
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What is the single most important function of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Regulation of vasomotor tone
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Sympathetic activity __ blood sugar levels, temperature, and blood pressure.
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increases
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Activation of parasympathetic fibers in the head, provided by cranial nerves __, __, and __, causes constriction of the pupil, tear secretion, and increased salivary secretion.
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III
IV IX |
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Stimulation of the sacral division of the parasympathetic system __ the urinary bladder and facilitates __ erection.
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contracts
genital |
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What are areas of nerve degeneration? Where are they found?
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Senile plaques
cerebral cortex |
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All preganglionic fibers are cholinergic or adrenergic?
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cholinergic
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A yellow-brown fatty pigment that is deposited intracellularly in increased amounts with age.
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Lipofuscin
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Name the adrenergic receptors.
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alpha1
alpha2 beta1 beta2 |
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Name the cholinergic receptors.
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nicotine
muscarinic |
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What gland becomes calcified in older people and is useful as an internal brain landmark for x-ray films?
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Pineal gland
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What test of nervous system function creates 2D structures from multiple radiologic images (x-rays) using computer-assisted analysis?
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Computed tomography (CT) scan
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What type of CT scan uses contrast media for detection of aneurysms or ruptured aneurysms?
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Helical CT angiography
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What area of the brain is involved in drug craving and withdrawal symptoms and therefore is clinically important?
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Nucleus accumbens
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What test is a recording of electrical impulses, and is used primarily to detect and localize foci that initiate seizure activity?
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EEG (Electroencephalography)
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What are the structural divisions of the nervous system?
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CNS
PNS |
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What are the functional divisions of the nervous system?
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somatic
ANS - autonomic nervous system |
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What structure allows saltatory conduction, or quicker nerve impulse conduction?
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Myelin sheath
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What are the 4 basic types of neuron cell configuration?
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1) unipolar
2) pseudounipolar 3) bipolar 4) multipolar |
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What are the three types of neurons by function?
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1) sensory
2) associational 3) motor |
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Nerve injury triggers a sequence of events known as what?
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wallerian degeneration
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What is the region between adjacent neurons?
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synapse
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What is the region between the neuron and muscle?
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myoneural junction
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What are responsible for chemical conduction across the synapse and myoneural junction?
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Neurotransmitters
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Nerve impulse is predominantly regulated by a balance between what?
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IPSPs and EPSPs
temporal and spatial summation convergence and divergence |
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The brain is divided into what three distinct regions?
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1) forebrain
2) midbrain 3) hindbrain |
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The forebrain comprises the two __ hemispheres and allows conscious perception of what?
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cerebral
internal and external stimuli thought and memory processes voluntary control of skeletal muscles |
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What is the deep portion of the forebrain called?
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diencephalon
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Where is the center for voluntary control of skeletal muscle located?
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Precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe
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Where is the center for perception located?
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Postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe
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What are the major speech centers, and where are they located?
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Broca area (rostral to the postcentral gyrus)
Wernicke area (superoposterior temporal lobe) |
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The midbrain is primarily a relay center for what?
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motor and sensory tracts, as well as a center for auditory and visual reflexes
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Which region of the brain allows sampling and comparison of sensory data from the periphery and motor impulses from the cerebral hemispheres for the purpose of coordination and refinement of skeletal muscle movement?
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Hindbrain
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Which region of the brain is primarily a relay center for motor and sensory tracts, as well as a center for auditory and visual reflexes?
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Midbrain
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The paired carotid and vertebral arteries supply blood to the brain and connect to form the what?
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circle of Willis
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On old Olympus towering top a Fin and German viewed some hops
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olfactory (CN I)
optic (CN II) oculomotor (CN III) trochlear (CN IV) trigeminal (CN V) abducens (CN VI) facial (CN VII) auditory or vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) glossopharyngeal (CN IX) vagus (CN X) spinal accessory (CN XI) hypoglossal (CN XII) |
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Where do the first two cranial nerves emerge from?
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Cerebrum
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Where do the remainder of the cranial nerves originate from?
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brainstem
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Regular interruptions of the myelin sheath
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Flow of ions between segments of myelin rather than along the entire length of the axon
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Saltatory conduction
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Ability of branching axons to influence many neurons
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Divergence
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Branches of numerous neurons converging on one or a few neurons
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Convergence
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Segmented layer of lipid material serves as insulating substance
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Myelin
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Formed and maintained by the Schwann cell
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Myelin
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Delicate layer of connective tissue around each axon
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Endoneurium
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Thin membrane between the myelin sheath and the endoneurium
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Neurilemma
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Cone-shaped, Nissl-free area where the axon leaves the cell body
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Axon hillock
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Area of axon with lowest threshold for stimulation, so action potentials begin here
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Initial segment of the axon
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Three components of a neuron
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Cell body, dendrites, axon
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Densely packed cell bodies in the CNS
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nuclei
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Densely packed cell bodies in the PNS
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ganglia
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Receptive portion of the neuron (sends impulses to cell body)
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dendrite
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