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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Human Microbiome Project |
Used to determie the relationship between changes in the human microbiome and human health and disease. |
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Symbiosis |
The relationship between the microbiota and the host 1) Commensalism: One organisms is benefited and the other unaffected. 2) Mutualisms: Both organisms are benefited 3) Parasitism: One organisms is benefited by the expenses of the other. |
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Normal microbiota and the host |
Microbiota protects the host by: Producing acid Producing Bacteriocin Occupying niches that pathogens must occupy. |
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Microbial antagonism |
A competition between microbes |
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Opportunistic pathogens (microbes) |
Microbes that usually don't can use diseases in their normal habitat in a healthy person but might do it in a different environment. Host become weakened. Ex: AIDs Ex: E. coli |
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Cooperation among microbes |
Polymicrobial diseases: Cooperation among microbes that take a village to cause a disease. Synergistic pathogenesis: As they become together as a village, they become stronger. |
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Classification of infectious diseases |
1) Symptoms 2) Signs 3) Syndrome |
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Symptoms |
A change in body function that can be felt by the patient. |
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Signs |
Are objective changes that the physician can observe and measure. |
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Syndrome |
Is a specific group of signs and symptoms that always accompany a specific disease. |
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Occurrence of the diseases |
Incidence Prevalence Sporadic disease Endemic disease Epidemic disease Pandemic disease |
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Incidence |
It's an indicator of the spread of the disease Number of people contracting the disease. Ex: AIDs Occurrence, rate, frequency |
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Prevalence |
Is the number of people in a population who develops the disease at a specific time, regardless when it first appears. Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time. Ex. Influenza (Most common) |
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Sporadic disease |
A particular disease that occurs only occasionally. Ex: Plague and Rabies in humans. |
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Endemic disease |
A disease that occurs constantly in a population Can be endemic at anywhere Ex: Gonorrhea and West Nile Virus |
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Epidemic disease |
Many people in a given area acquired a certain disease in a relatively short period Disease could be either sporadic or endemic. Ex: Hepatitis A |
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Pandemic disease |
An epidemic disease that occurs worldwide |
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Herd immunity |
Immunity in most of a population |
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Severity or duration of a disease |
1) Acute disease 2) Chronic disease 3) Subacute disease 4) Latent disease |
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Acute disease |
A disease in which symptoms develop rapidly but last only a short time |
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Chronic disease |
Disease develops more slowly. Ex: Tuberculosis and Hepatitis B |
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Subacute disease |
Symptoms between acute and chronic. Ex: Sclerosis panencephalitis |
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Latent disease |
Is one in which the causative agents remain inactive for a time. Ex: Shingles and HIV |
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Local infection |
Pathogens are limited in a small area of the body. Ex: abcesses |
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Systemic infection |
An infection that spreads throughout the body. Ex: Measles |
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Focal infections |
Systemic infections that began as local infection |
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Septicemia |
Growth bacteria in the blood |
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Bacterimia |
Bacteria in the blood |
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Primary infection |
Is an acute infection that causes the initial illness. |
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Secondary infection |
Opportunistic infection after a primary infection. Ex: AIDs and Influenza, Pneumonia due to a weakened immune system. |
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Subclinical infection |
In one that doesn't cause any noticeable illness, signs or symptoms. Can be asymptomatic Ex: Polivirus and Hepatitis A |
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Predisposing factors |
Age Lifestyle Chemotherapy Inherited traits such as sickle cell anemia Inadequate nutrition |
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Incubation period |
No signs or symptoms Time between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs and symptoms It's virulence |
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Prodromal period |
Characterizes by ealry mild symptoms of a disease such as general malaise Is a relatively short period that follows he incubation in some diseases. |
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Period of illness |
Most severe signs and symptoms WBC increases The patient's immune response overcome the pathogen Ex: Fever, chills, sore throat, etc. |
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Period of decline |
There still have signs and symptoms The patient is vulnerable to secondary infection |
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Period of convalescence |
Period of recovery from illness Some pathogen remains active in the body The person regains strength and the body returns to its prediseased state |
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Human reservoir |
Many people harbor pathogen and can be transmitted directly or indirectly to others. People with signs and symptoms of the disease may transmit the disease Ex: AIDs, diphteria and hepatits. |
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Animal reservoir |
Both animal wild and domestic are living reservoir of microorganisms that can cause human disease Zoonozes: Ex: Lyme disease and Rabies |
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Nonliving reservoir |
The two major reservoirs are water and soil |
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Zoonoses |
Diseases that occur primarily in wild or domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans. |
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Direct transmission |
Is the transmission of an agent by physical contact between its source and a susceptible host (no intermediate object is involved) Ex:touching, kissing, sex, and animal bites). |
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Indirect transmission |
Occur when the agent of the disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of nonliving objects. Fomite: Any nonliving objects that are involved in the spread of infection. |
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Droplet transmission |
Microbes are spread in droplet nuclei It travels less than one meter from the reservoir. Ex: Pneumonia and PErtussis |
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Vehicle transmission |
The transmission of the disease by a medium such as water, food or air. Other media include blood or body fluid and drugs. |
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Airborne transmission |
Spread of agents infection by droplet nuclei in dust It travels more than one meter from the reservoir to the host. Ex: Measle, viruses, fungi spores. |
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Vectors |
Arthropods, animals that carry pathogen from the host to another one especially fleas, mosquitoes, and ticks. |
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Mechanical transmission |
Is the passive transport of the pathogen of other body parts Ex: E. coli |
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Biological transmission |
Is an active process and is more complex Pathogen reproduces in the vector Ex: Lyme disease |
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Define Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs): nonsocomial infections |
Microorganisms in health care associated environment acquired as a result of hospital stay. The most important are: 1) Microorganisms in the hospital: The hospital environment is a major reservoir for a variety of pathogens certain microbiota are the human body opportunistic and present strong danger to hospital patients 2) Compromised host: Is one who resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy or burns, broken skin or mucus membrane. 3) Chain of transmission: Direct contact transmission from hospital's staff to patients and from patients to patients and indirect contact transmission through fomite. |
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Epidemiology |
The study of where and when the disease occurs and how they are transmitted in a population. |
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Probiotics and prebiotics |
Probiotics: Living microbes that are ingested into the body. Prebiotics: Are chemicals that promote beneficial bacterial growth. |