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52 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Human Microbiome Project

Used to determie the relationship between changes in the human microbiome and human health and disease.

Symbiosis

The relationship between the microbiota and the host


1) Commensalism: One organisms is benefited and the other unaffected.


2) Mutualisms: Both organisms are benefited


3) Parasitism: One organisms is benefited by the expenses of the other.

Normal microbiota and the host

Microbiota protects the host by:


Producing acid


Producing Bacteriocin


Occupying niches that pathogens must occupy.

Microbial antagonism

A competition between microbes

Opportunistic pathogens (microbes)

Microbes that usually don't can use diseases in their normal habitat in a healthy person but might do it in a different environment.


Host become weakened.


Ex: AIDs


Ex: E. coli

Cooperation among microbes

Polymicrobial diseases: Cooperation among microbes that take a village to cause a disease.




Synergistic pathogenesis: As they become together as a village, they become stronger.

Classification of infectious diseases

1) Symptoms


2) Signs


3) Syndrome

Symptoms

A change in body function that can be felt by the patient.

Signs

Are objective changes that the physician can observe and measure.

Syndrome

Is a specific group of signs and symptoms that always accompany a specific disease.

Occurrence of the diseases

Incidence


Prevalence


Sporadic disease


Endemic disease


Epidemic disease


Pandemic disease

Incidence

It's an indicator of the spread of the disease


Number of people contracting the disease. Ex: AIDs


Occurrence, rate, frequency

Prevalence

Is the number of people in a population who develops the disease at a specific time, regardless when it first appears.


Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time. Ex. Influenza


(Most common)

Sporadic disease

A particular disease that occurs only occasionally. Ex: Plague and Rabies in humans.

Endemic disease

A disease that occurs constantly in a population


Can be endemic at anywhere


Ex: Gonorrhea and West Nile Virus

Epidemic disease

Many people in a given area acquired a certain disease in a relatively short period


Disease could be either sporadic or endemic.


Ex: Hepatitis A

Pandemic disease

An epidemic disease that occurs worldwide

Herd immunity

Immunity in most of a population

Severity or duration of a disease

1) Acute disease


2) Chronic disease


3) Subacute disease


4) Latent disease

Acute disease

A disease in which symptoms develop rapidly but last only a short time

Chronic disease

Disease develops more slowly.


Ex: Tuberculosis and Hepatitis B

Subacute disease

Symptoms between acute and chronic. Ex: Sclerosis panencephalitis

Latent disease

Is one in which the causative agents remain inactive for a time. Ex: Shingles and HIV

Local infection

Pathogens are limited in a small area of the body. Ex: abcesses

Systemic infection

An infection that spreads throughout the body. Ex: Measles

Focal infections

Systemic infections that began as local infection

Septicemia

Growth bacteria in the blood

Bacterimia

Bacteria in the blood

Primary infection

Is an acute infection that causes the initial illness.

Secondary infection

Opportunistic infection after a primary infection. Ex: AIDs and Influenza, Pneumonia due to a weakened immune system.

Subclinical infection

In one that doesn't cause any noticeable illness, signs or symptoms.


Can be asymptomatic


Ex: Polivirus and Hepatitis A

Predisposing factors

Age


Lifestyle


Chemotherapy


Inherited traits such as sickle cell anemia


Inadequate nutrition

Incubation period

No signs or symptoms


Time between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs and symptoms


It's virulence

Prodromal period

Characterizes by ealry mild symptoms of a disease such as general malaise


Is a relatively short period that follows he incubation in some diseases.

Period of illness

Most severe signs and symptoms


WBC increases


The patient's immune response overcome the pathogen


Ex: Fever, chills, sore throat, etc.

Period of decline

There still have signs and symptoms


The patient is vulnerable to secondary infection

Period of convalescence

Period of recovery from illness


Some pathogen remains active in the body


The person regains strength and the body returns to its prediseased state

Human reservoir



Many people harbor pathogen and can be transmitted directly or indirectly to others.


People with signs and symptoms of the disease may transmit the disease


Ex: AIDs, diphteria and hepatits.

Animal reservoir

Both animal wild and domestic are living reservoir of microorganisms that can cause human disease


Zoonozes: Ex: Lyme disease and Rabies

Nonliving reservoir

The two major reservoirs are water and soil

Zoonoses

Diseases that occur primarily in wild or domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans.

Direct transmission

Is the transmission of an agent by physical contact between its source and a susceptible host (no intermediate object is involved)


Ex:touching, kissing, sex, and animal bites).

Indirect transmission

Occur when the agent of the disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of nonliving objects.


Fomite: Any nonliving objects that are involved in the spread of infection.

Droplet transmission

Microbes are spread in droplet nuclei


It travels less than one meter from the reservoir.


Ex: Pneumonia and PErtussis

Vehicle transmission

The transmission of the disease by a medium such as water, food or air.


Other media include blood or body fluid and drugs.

Airborne transmission



Spread of agents infection by droplet nuclei in dust


It travels more than one meter from the reservoir to the host.


Ex: Measle, viruses, fungi spores.

Vectors

Arthropods, animals that carry pathogen from the host to another one especially fleas, mosquitoes, and ticks.

Mechanical transmission

Is the passive transport of the pathogen of other body parts


Ex: E. coli

Biological transmission

Is an active process and is more complex


Pathogen reproduces in the vector


Ex: Lyme disease

Define Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs): nonsocomial infections

Microorganisms in health care associated environment acquired as a result of hospital stay.


The most important are:


1) Microorganisms in the hospital: The hospital environment is a major reservoir for a variety of pathogens certain microbiota are the human body opportunistic and present strong danger to hospital patients


2) Compromised host: Is one who resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy or burns, broken skin or mucus membrane.


3) Chain of transmission: Direct contact transmission from hospital's staff to patients and from patients to patients and indirect contact transmission through fomite.

Epidemiology

The study of where and when the disease occurs and how they are transmitted in a population.

Probiotics and prebiotics

Probiotics: Living microbes that are ingested into the body.




Prebiotics: Are chemicals that promote beneficial bacterial growth.