Ch 13: The Presidency Short & Sweet! (Ap Us Go Po)

Front 1

Unified Government

Back 1

A government in which the same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress

Front 2

Divided Government

Back 2

One party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress

Front 3

Party Polarization

Back 3

a vote in which a majority of Democratic legislators oppose a majority of Republican legislators

Front 4

Gridlock

Back 4

The inability of the government to act because rival parties control different parts of the government.

Front 5

Electoral College

Back 5

the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president

Front 6

Mandates (Electoral Mandate)

Back 6

A concept based on the idea that "the people have spoken." It is a powerful symbol in American electoral politics, according legitimacy and credibility to a newly elected president's proposals.

Front 7

"Honeymoon Period"

Back 7

the time following an election when a president's popularity is high and congressional relations are likely to be productive

Front 8

Commander in Chief

Back 8

The role of the president as supreme commander of the military forces of the United States and of the state National Guard units when they are called into federal service

Front 9

War Powers Resolution

Back 9

A law passed in 1973 spelling out the conditions under which the president can commit troops without congressional approval.

Front 10

Expressed Powers

Back 10

powers that Congress has that are specifically listed in the Constitution

Front 11

Inherent Powers

Back 11

The powers of the national government in foreign affairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend on constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence of the national government

Front 12

Implied Powers

Back 12

powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

Front 13

White House Office

Back 13

The personal office of the president, which tends to presidential political needs and manages the media.

Front 14

Pyramid Structure

Back 14

a president's subordinates report to him through a clear chain of command headed by a chief of staff

Front 15

Circular Structure

Back 15

several of the president's assistants report directly to him

Front 16

Ad Hoc Structure

Back 16

Several subordinates, cabinet officers, and committees report directly to the president on different matters

Front 17

Cabinet

Back 17

group of officials who head government departments and advise the President

Front 18

"Inner Cabinet"

Back 18

the four original departments (State, Defense, Treasury, and Justice) whose secretaries typically have the closest ties to the president

Front 19

Executive Office of the President (EOP)

Back 19

created in 1939 to help the president oversee the executive branch bureaucracy, created by FDR

Front 20

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

Back 20

Presidential staff agency that serves as a clearinghouse for budgetary requests and management improvements for government agencies.

Front 21

Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)

Back 21

an executive agency responsible for providing economic advice to the President

Front 22

National Security Council (NSC)

Back 22

An agency in the Executive Office of the President that advises the president on national security.

Front 23

Executive Agencies

Back 23

Units of government under the president, within the executive branch, that are not part of a cabinet department.

Front 24

Independent Agencies

Back 24

Federal regulatory agencies that are independent, thus not fully under the power of the president. Ex. Federal Trade Commission, Securities and Exchange Commission.

Front 25

Going Public

Back 25

a president's strategy of appealing to the public on an issue, expecting that public pressure will be brought to bear on other political actors(congress)

Front 26

Bully Pulpit

Back 26

the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public

Front 27

Public Approval Ratings

Back 27

public approval is the political resource that has the most potential to turn a stalemate between the president and the Congress into a situation supportive of the president's legislative proposals

Front 28

Permanent Campaign

Back 28

The actions officeholders take throughout the election cycle to build support for their reelection.

Front 29

Photo Ops

Back 29

Photo opportunities set up by the candidates. The media have been accused of simplifying complicated political issues by relying on photo ops to explain them to the public.

Front 30

Constitutional Model

Back 30

a president with administrative power be the administrator of the constitution, but not have total control over the government

Front 31

New Government Model

Back 31

the president decides whether to enforce laws enacted by congress and how to interpret them.

Front 32

Presidential Signing Statements

Back 32

explains the presidents interpretation of the law. president may announce that provisions of the law will be administered according to the presidents views and not necessarily according to the legislative intent.`

Front 33

Pocket Veto

Back 33

when a president kills a bill passed during the last 10 days Congress is in session by simply refusing to act on it

Front 34

Line-Item Veto

Back 34

Presidential power to strike, or remove, specific items from a spending bill without vetoing the entire package; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Front 35

Legislative Veto

Back 35

The authority of Congress to block a presidential action after it has taken place. The Supreme Court has held that Congress does not have this power

Front 36

Executive Privilege

Back 36

The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.

Front 37

United States v. Nixon 1973

Back 37

President does not have absolute privilege against production of relevant information in a criminal investigation

Front 38

Nixon v. Fitzgerald 1982

Back 38

The president may not be sued while in office

Front 39

Clinton v. Jones 1997

Back 39

Rejecting an appeal by Pres. Clinton in a sexual harassment suit, the Court ruled that a sitting president did not have temporary immunity from a lawsuit for actions outside the realm of official duties., the president may be sued for actions taken before he became president

Front 40

Impoundment

Back 40

Presidential refusal to allow an agency to spend funds that Congress authorized and appropriated

Front 41

Budget Reform & Impoundment Act of 1974

Back 41

Required the president to spend all appropriated funds, unless Congress approved the impoundment.

Front 42

Executive Agreement

Back 42

A formal agreement between the U.S. president and the leaders of other nations that does not require Senate approval.

Front 43

Executive Order

Back 43

a rule issued by the president that has the force of law

Front 44

Impeachment

Back 44

The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may impeach the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."

Front 45

Presidential Coattails

Back 45

These occur when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the president's party because they support the president. Recent studies show that few races are won this way.

Front 46

Lame Duck

Back 46

an outgoing official serving out the remainder of a term, after retiring or being defeated for reelection

Front 47

12th Amendment

Back 47

Required presidential electors to vote separately for president and vice president

Front 48

20th Amendment

Back 48

Changed date president takes office from March 4th to January 20th. Changed start of Congress to January3rd. End of Lame Duck Congress

Front 49

22nd Amendment

Back 49

Passed in 1951, the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office.

Front 50

25th Amendment

Back 50

clarifies an ambiguous provision of the Constitution regarding succession to the Presidency, and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President as well as responding to Presidential disabilities., (Presidential Succession)

Front 51

Succession

Back 51

the action of following in order