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224 Cards in this Set
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Patterns of behaviors, thoughts, or emotions considered pathological |
Abnormal behavior |
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Deviance, dysfunction, distress, and danger |
For criteria is for diagnosing abnormal behavior |
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Deviation from a society or cultures norms |
Deviance |
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Interference with daily functioning |
Dysfunction |
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Behaviors, thoughts, or emotions that cause significant personal distress |
Distress |
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Thoughts, emotions, or behaviors present a danger to self or others |
Danger |
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The diagnostic perspective that assumes that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and possibly cured ( created by Philip Pinel) |
Medical model |
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The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders |
Psychiatry |
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A classification system developed by the American psychiatric Association that is used to describe abnormal behaviors |
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) |
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The legal designation for the state of an individual judged to be legally irresponsible or incompetent to manage his/her own affairs because of mental illness |
Insanity |
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Groups of 400 disorders into _____ categories |
22 |
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The cooccurrence of two or more disorders in the same person, at the same time, as when a person suffers from both depression and alcohol use, moderate severe |
Comorbidity |
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A mental disorder characterized by overwhelming tension and irrational fear accompanied by psychological and physiological arousal |
Anxiety disorder |
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Characterized by persistent, uncontrollable, and free-floating, non-specified anxiety |
Generalized anxiety disorder |
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And anxiety disorder in which suffers experience sudden and inexplicable panic attacks; symptoms include difficulty breathing, heart palpitations, dizziness, trembling, terror, and feelings of impending doom |
Panic disorder |
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A persistent and intense irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation |
Phobia |
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Fear or anxiety about being an open spaces, enclosed places, being outside of the home, and using public transportation |
Agoraphobia |
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Fear of a specific object or situation |
Specific phobia |
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IrRational fear or embarrassing oneself, fear of public speaking and eating in public |
Social phobia |
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Habits of thinking that make them prone to fear, hyper vigilant, magnify ordinary threats |
Faulty cognition |
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In advert an improper conditioning and social learning |
Maladaptive learning |
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Fears things that were dangerous to our ancestors |
Evolutionary predisposition |
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A group of mental disorders, characterized by sad, empty, or irritable moods that interfere with the ability to function |
Depressive disorder |
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Depressive episode ends and personal returns to normal emotional level |
Unipolar depression |
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Severe recurrent temper outburst manifested verbally and or behaviorally that are grossly out of proportion in intensity and duration |
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder |
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Depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure |
Major depressive disorder |
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A mental disorder characterized by repeated episodes of mania alternating with depression |
Bipolar disorder |
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Seligmans term for a state of helplessness or resignation, in which human or nonhuman animals learn that escape from something painful is impossible; the organism stops responding and may become depressed |
Learned helplessness |
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A group of severe disorders involving major disturbances and perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior |
Schizophrenia |
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Senses are either enhanced or blunted; sensory information is Jumbled and distorted |
Perception |
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A false, imaginary sensory perception that occurs without an external, objective source |
Hallucinations |
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Words lose usual meanings and association, logic is impaired, thoughts are this organized and bizarre, conversations jump from topic to topic, phrases and words are jumbled into word salad |
Language and thought |
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A false or irrational belief maintained despite clear evidence to the contrary |
Delusion |
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Exaggerated and fluctuate rapidly; some have flattened affects with almost no emotional response |
Emotion |
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Unusual actions have special meanings to suffer; could become cataleptic or nearly immobile |
Behavior |
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Additions to or exaggerations of normal thought processes including delusions and hallucinations |
Positive schizophrenia |
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Lose or absence of normal thought processes and behaviors including impaired attention, Limited/toneless speech, flat affect, social withdrawal |
Negative schizophrenia |
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The risk for schizophrenia increases when someone in the family has the disorder |
Genetics |
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Over activity in certain dopamine neurons; drugs that decrease dub mean decrease some symptoms |
Neurotransmitters |
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Large cerebral ventricles (fluid filled spaces in the brain) ; lower level of activity in frontal lobe |
Brain abnormalities |
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Persistent, unwanted, fearful thoughts |
Obsessions |
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Irresistible urges to perform an act or repeated ritual |
Compulsions |
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Personality disorder marked by a disturbance in the integration of identity, memory, or consciousness |
Dissociative disorder |
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A mental disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities systems in the same individual at different times |
Dissociative identity disorder |
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A mental disorder characterized by chronic, inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupational functioning |
Personality disorders |
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The pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, beginning in childhood or early adolescence and continuing into adulthood |
Antisocial personality disorder |
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A mental disorder characterized by severe instability and emotion and self-concept, along with impulsive and self-destructive behaviors |
Borderline personality disorder |
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Group of symptoms that appear across cultures |
Cultural general symptom |
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A group of symptoms that appear in select cultures |
Culture bound symptoms |
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Psychoanalysis, humanistic, and cognitive |
Talk therapy's |
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Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning |
Behavioral therapies |
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Psychopharmacology, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery |
Biomedical therapy's |
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Any of a group of therapy is used to treat psychological disorders and to improve psychological functioning and adjustment to life |
Psychotherapy |
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A type of psychodynamic therapy developed by Freud; intensive and prolonged tech thanks for bringing unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness |
PsychoAnalysis |
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In psychoanalysis, reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring it's consents |
Free association |
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In psychoanalysis, reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring it's consents |
Free association |
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In psychoanalysis, interpretation of the underlying true meaning of dreams to reveal unconscious processes |
Dream analysis |
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Surface meaning of the dream |
Manifest content |
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Surface meaning of the dream |
Manifest content |
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The hidden, underlying meaning of the dream |
Latent content |
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In psychoanalysis, the inability or unwillingness of a participant to discuss or reveal certain memories, thoughts, motives, or experiences |
Analysis of resistance |
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In psychoanalysis, the inability or unwillingness of a participant to discuss or reveal certain memories, thoughts, motives, or experiences |
Analysis of resistance |
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In psychoanalysis, the process by which a client attaches to a therapist feelings formally held toward some significant person who figured in a past emotional conflict |
Analysis of transference |
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Hey psychoanalysis explanation of her patients free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference; more generally, any statement by a therapist that presents a patient's problem in anyway |
Interpretation |
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Time-consuming and very expensive |
Limited applicability |
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Difficult to scientifically document the major points of psychoanalysis |
Lack of scientific credibility |
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A type of therapy that focuses on conscious process and current problems; a briefer, more directive, and more modern form of psychoanalysis |
Psychodynamic therapy |
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A type of therapy that emphasizes maximizing a clients inherent capacity for self actualization and focusing on obstacles that block personal growth and potential |
Humanistic therapy |
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Rogers humanistic approach to therapy, which emphasizes the clients natural tendency to become healthy and productive |
Client centered therapy |
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Rogers humanistic approach to therapy, which emphasizes the clients natural tendency to become healthy and productive |
Client centered therapy |
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In Rogerian terms, and insightful awareness and ability to share another inner experience |
Empathy |
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Rogers humanistic approach to therapy, which emphasizes the clients natural tendency to become healthy and productive |
Client centered therapy |
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In Rogerian terms, and insightful awareness and ability to share another inner experience |
Empathy |
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Rogers term for a complete love and acceptance of another, such as parent for a child, with no conditions attached |
Unconditional positive regard |
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Rogers humanistic approach to therapy, which emphasizes the clients natural tendency to become healthy and productive |
Client centered therapy |
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In Rogerian terms, and insightful awareness and ability to share another inner experience |
Empathy |
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Rogers term for a complete love and acceptance of another, such as parent for a child, with no conditions attached |
Unconditional positive regard |
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In rogerian terms, authenticity or congruence; the awareness of one's true inner thoughts and feelings and the ability to share them honestly with others |
Genuineness |
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Listening with total attention to what another is saying; includes reflecting, paraphrasing, and clarifying what the person says and means |
Active listening |
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A type of therapy that treats problem behaviors and mental processes by focusing on faulty thought processes and believes |
Cognitive therapy |
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A type of therapy that treats problem behaviors and mental processes by focusing on faulty thought processes and believes |
Cognitive therapy |
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Unrealistic things a person tells himself |
Negative self talk |
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A process in cognitive therapy that is designed to change distractive thoughts or inappropriate interpretations |
Cognitive restructuring |
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Ellis's cognitive therapy that focuses on illumination of emotional reaction through logic, confrontation, and examination of a rational believes |
Ellis's rational emotive behavioral therapy |
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A type of therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavioral therapy |
Cognitive behavior therapy |
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Are highly effective for depression, anxiety, dilemma, anger management, addiction, some symptoms of schizophrenia, and insomnia |
Cognitive therapy's |
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Are highly effective for depression, anxiety, dilemma, anger management, addiction, some symptoms of schizophrenia, and insomnia |
Cognitive therapy's |
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A group of techniques based on learning principles to change maladaptive behaviors |
Behavior therapy |
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Are highly effective for depression, anxiety, dilemma, anger management, addiction, some symptoms of schizophrenia, and insomnia |
Cognitive therapy's |
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A group of techniques based on learning principles to change maladaptive behaviors |
Behavior therapy |
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A behavioral therapy technique in which a client learns to prevent the arousal of anxiety by gradually confronting the feared stimulus while relaxed |
Systematic desensitization |
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A type of behavioral therapy characterized by the pairing of an adverse stimulus with a maladaptive behavior in order to elicit a negative reaction to the target stimulus |
Aversion therapy |
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A type of behavioral therapy characterized by the pairing of an adverse stimulus with a maladaptive behavior in order to elicit a negative reaction to the target stimulus |
Aversion therapy |
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Providing a medium awards for successful approximation of target behaviors |
Shaping |
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A type of behavioral therapy characterized by the pairing of an adverse stimulus with a maladaptive behavior in order to elicit a negative reaction to the target stimulus |
Aversion therapy |
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Providing a medium awards for successful approximation of target behaviors |
Shaping |
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Adaptive behaviors can be taught or increase by providing reward in the form of tokens |
Reinforcement |
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A type of therapy characterized by watching and imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviors |
Modeling therapy |
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After treatment, patient won't continue to be reinforced, so newly acquired behaviors might disappear |
Generalized ability |
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Critics claim it is unethical for someone to control another's behavior; behaviorist argue that rewards and punishment already controlling behavior and that this treatment increase his freedom |
Ethics |
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A treatment for psychological disorders that alters brain functioning with biological or physical interventions |
Biomedical therapy |
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The study of the effects of drugs and behavior and mental processes |
Psychopharmacology |
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Reduce anxiety and decrease over arousal in the brain |
Anti-anxiety |
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Reduce anxiety and decrease over arousal in the brain |
Anti-anxiety |
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Diminish or illuminate hallucinations, delusions, withdrawal symptoms |
Antipsychotic |
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Treat the combination of manic episodes and depression and bipolar |
Mood stabilizers |
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Treat the combination of manic episodes and depression and bipolar |
Mood stabilizers |
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Treat depression, some anxiety disorders, and certain eating |
Antidepressant |
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A biomedical therapy based on passing electrical current through the brain used almost exclusively to treat serious depression when drugs therapy fails |
Electroconvulsive therapy |
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A neurosurgical alteration of the brain to bring about desirable behavior, cognitive, or emotional changes, which is generally used when patients have not responded to other forms of treatment; also called neurosurgery for mental disorder |
Psychosurgery |
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A neurosurgical alteration of the brain to bring about desirable behavior, cognitive, or emotional changes, which is generally used when patients have not responded to other forms of treatment; also called neurosurgery for mental disorder |
Psychosurgery |
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And outmoded neurosurgical procedure for mental disorders, which involves cutting nerve pathways between the frontal lobe's in the thalamus and hypothalamus |
Lobotomy |
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A perspective on therapy that combines techniques from various therapies to find the most appropriate treatment |
Eclectic approach |
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A form of therapy in which a number of people meet together to work towards therapeutic goals |
Group therapy |
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A form of therapy in which a number of people meet together to work towards therapeutic goals |
Group therapy |
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Hey leaderless or nonprofessionally guided group in which members assist one another with a specific problem, as in alcoholic anonymous |
Self-help group |
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Primary aim is to change maladaptive family interaction patterns |
Marital and family therapy |
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Internet, email, virtual reality, and web conference systems |
Telehealth/electronic therapy |
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Branch of psychology that studies how others influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions; it also studies group and intergroup phenomena |
Social psychology |
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How we think about and interpret ourselves and others |
Social cognition |
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A social cognitive approach to describing the ways a social perceiver uses information to generate casual explanations; in other words how we explain our own and others' actions |
Attributions |
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The tendency of observers to overestimate the influence of internal, dispositional factors on a person's behavior, while underestimating the impact of extrenal, situational factors |
Fundamental attribution error |
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A type of attributional bias in which people tend to take credit for their successes and externalize or deny responsibility for their failures |
Self serving bias |
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Fundamental attribution error is about _________ |
Others |
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Fundamental attribution error is about _________ |
Others |
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Self-serving bias is about ______ |
You |
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Fundamental attributional error is most likely in which culture |
Individualistic culture |
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Fundamental attributional error is most likely in which culture |
Individualistic culture |
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Self-serving bias is less common in which culture |
Collectivistic |
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The learned predisposition to respond cognitively, effectively, and behaviorally to a particular object, person, place, thing, or event in an evaluative way |
Attitudes |
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The learned predisposition to respond cognitively, effectively, and behaviorally to a particular object, person, place, thing, or event in an evaluative way |
Attitudes |
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Affect, behavior, cognition |
The ABC's of attitudes |
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The unpleasant tension and anxiety caused by a discrepancy between an attitude and behavior |
Cognitive dissonance |
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Participants were paid either one dollar or $20 to lie to other participants about how fun the experiment is |
Festinger and carlsmith |
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How situational factors and other people affect us |
Social influence |
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Conformity, obedience, group processes |
Three key topics of social influence |
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Conformity, obedience, group processes |
Three key topics of social influence |
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Changes in behavior, attitude, or values because of real or imagined group pressure |
Conformity |
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Conformity, obedience, group processes |
Three key topics of social influence |
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Changes in behavior, attitude, or values because of real or imagined group pressure |
Conformity |
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Solomon Aachen study |
Conformity |
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Normative social influence, informational social influence, and reference group |
Three factors that drive conformity |
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Normative social influence, informational social influence, and reference group |
Three factors that drive conformity |
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Conformance to group pressure out of the need to be liked, excepted, and approved by |
Normative social influence |
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Normative social influence, informational social influence, and reference group |
Three factors that drive conformity |
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Conformance to group pressure out of the need to be liked, excepted, and approved by |
Normative social influence |
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Conformance to a group out of a need for information and direction |
Informational social influence |
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Normative social influence, informational social influence, and reference group |
Three factors that drive conformity |
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Conformance to group pressure out of the need to be liked, excepted, and approved by |
Normative social influence |
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Conformance to a group out of a need for information and direction |
Informational social influence |
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The people we conform to, or go along with, because we like, admire, and want to be like them |
Reference group |
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Normative social influence, informational social influence, and reference group |
Three factors that drive conformity |
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Conformance to group pressure out of the need to be liked, excepted, and approved by |
Normative social influence |
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Conformance to a group out of a need for information and direction |
Informational social influence |
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The people we conform to, or go along with, because we like, admire, and want to be like them |
Reference group |
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A party is an example of |
Normative social influence |
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Normative social influence, informational social influence, and reference group |
Three factors that drive conformity |
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Conformance to group pressure out of the need to be liked, excepted, and approved by |
Normative social influence |
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Conformance to a group out of a need for information and direction |
Informational social influence |
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The people we conform to, or go along with, because we like, admire, and want to be like them |
Reference group |
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A party is an example of |
Normative social influence |
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Partnering with a smart person for a group project is an example of |
Informational social influence |
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Normative social influence, informational social influence, and reference group |
Three factors that drive conformity |
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Conformance to group pressure out of the need to be liked, excepted, and approved by |
Normative social influence |
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Conformance to a group out of a need for information and direction |
Informational social influence |
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The people we conform to, or go along with, because we like, admire, and want to be like them |
Reference group |
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A party is an example of |
Normative social influence |
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Partnering with a smart person for a group project is an example of |
Informational social influence |
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Celebrities are an example of |
Reference group |
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Following direct commands usually from an authority figure |
Obedience |
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Would assign participants as teachers obey the experimenters commands to shock the learner for wrong answers |
Milgram study |
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And initial, small request is used as a set up for later, larger request |
Foot in the door technique |
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Two weeks study at Stanford |
ZimBardo prison study |
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Two weeks study at Stanford |
ZimBardo prison study |
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The zimbardo study was stopped after only ___________ because guards abused their role of power and prisoners suffered severe psychological responses |
Six days |
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The reduced self consciousness, inhibition, and personal responsibility that sometimes occurs in a group, particularly when members feel anonymous |
Deindividuation |
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The group supports a risk you're out come together than they would have determined individually |
Risky shift phenomenon |
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The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme depending on the members initial dominant tenancy |
Group polarization |
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The faulty decision making that occurs when a highly cohesive group strives for agreement, especially if it in line with the leaders viewpoint, and avoids inconsistent information |
Group think |
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How we develop and are affected by interpersonal relationships |
Social relations |
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How we develop and are affected by interpersonal relationships |
Social relations |
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Father of social psychology |
Kurt Lewin |
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Prejudiced, aggravation, altruism, and interpersonal attraction |
Topics of social relations |
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I learned, generally negative attitude towards members of a group; includes thoughts feelings and behavioral tendencies |
Prejudice |
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I learned, generally negative attitude towards members of a group; includes thoughts feelings and behavioral tendencies |
Prejudice |
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Generalizations about a group of people in which the same characteristics are assigned to all members of the group; also the cognitive component of prejudice |
Stereotypes |
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Negative behaviors directed at others because of their memberships in a particular Group |
Discrimination |
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Negative behaviors directed at others because of their memberships in a particular Group |
Discrimination |
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Prejudice is learned through classical and operant conditioning and social learning |
Learning |
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Negative behaviors directed at others because of their memberships in a particular Group |
Discrimination |
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Prejudice is learned through classical and operant conditioning and social learning |
Learning |
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One or more negative experiences with a member of a specific group can cause negative feelings to be generalized to all members of a group |
Personal experience |
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Negative behaviors directed at others because of their memberships in a particular Group |
Discrimination |
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Prejudice is learned through classical and operant conditioning and social learning |
Learning |
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One or more negative experiences with a member of a specific group can cause negative feelings to be generalized to all members of a group |
Personal experience |
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Prejudice and discrimination provide significant power and privilege to the majority group |
Limited resources |
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Negative behaviors directed at others because of their memberships in a particular Group |
Discrimination |
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Prejudice is learned through classical and operant conditioning and social learning |
Learning |
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One or more negative experiences with a member of a specific group can cause negative feelings to be generalized to all members of a group |
Personal experience |
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Prejudice and discrimination provide significant power and privilege to the majority group |
Limited resources |
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Frustration can cause aggravation but if the source of the frustration is ambiguous or unavailable the aggression can be displaced onto a scapegoat |
Displaced aggression |
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Stereotypes are tools to simplify complex social world and free up mental resources for other activity |
Mental shortcuts |
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A hidden, automatic attitude that may guide behavior is independent of a persons awareness or |
Implicit bias |
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Viewing members of the in group more positively then members of an outgroup |
In group favoritism |
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Viewing members of the in group more positively then members of an outgroup |
In group favoritism |
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Judging members of an outgroup as more like and less diverse than members of the in group |
Outgroup homogeneity effect |
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Boys were assigned to different caverns, competitive games increase prejudice between cabins, prejudice was decrease with cooperative projects |
Operation and common goals |
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Boys were assigned to different caverns, competitive games increase prejudice between cabins, prejudice was decrease with cooperative projects |
Operation and common goals |
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Situation must include closed interaction, interdependence, and equal status |
Intergroup contact |
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Boys were assigned to different caverns, competitive games increase prejudice between cabins, prejudice was decrease with cooperative projects |
Operation and common goals |
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Situation must include closed interaction, interdependence, and equal status |
Intergroup contact |
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Pay attention to similarities rather than differences, practice taking other person's perspective |
Cognitive retraining |
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Meeting someone who does not conform to stereo typical views creates cognitive dissonance |
Cognitive dissonance |
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Any behavior intended to cause psychological or physical harm to another individual |
Aggression |
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A hypothesis that states that the blocking of a desired goal create anger that may lead to aggression |
Frustration aggression hypothesis |
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Prosocial behaviors designed to help others, with no obvious benefit to the helper |
Altruism |
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A phenomenon in which the greater The number of by standards, the less likely it is that any one individual feel responsible for seeking help or giving aid to someone in the need of help |
Bystandard effect |
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Positive feelings towards another |
Interpersonal attraction |
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Positive feelings towards another |
Interpersonal attraction |
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Physical attractiveness, proximity, and similarities |
Three factors of interpersonal attraction |
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A developed preference for people or things simply because they are familiar |
Mere exposure affect |
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Strong and lasting attraction characterized by trust, tolerance, and friendship; slowly develops as couples grow and spend more time together |
Companionate love |
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Strong and lasting attraction characterized by trust, tolerance, and friendship; slowly develops as couples grow and spend more time together |
Companionate love |
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And intense feeling of attraction to another in erotic context; largely based on mystery, and fantasy and generally begins to fade 6 to 30 months into the relationship |
Romantic love |