Ch. 12 The Second War For Independence And The Upsurge Of Nationalism 1812-1824

Front 1

War of 1812

Back 1

-1812-1815
-"The Second War for Independence"
-ended by Treaty of Ghent
-btwn US and British
-small: only 6,000 Americans killed/wounded
-US more respected in Europe
-growth of nationalism
-sectionalism
-isolationism strengthened
-increase in western migration
-war heroes: Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison
-manufacturing prospered-> US less dependent on Europe
-revived bitterness towards British
-Canada worried and betrayed
-1817: Rush-Bagot Treaty (US and British)-> limited navy on Great Lakes

Front 2

“Old Ironsides”

Back 2

-U.S.S Constitution
-frigate in US navy
-thick sides, heavy firepower, and large crew

Front 3

Battle of Erie Lake

Back 3

-1813
-control of Great Lakes was vital to US
-US naval office Oliver Hazard Perry built fleet of ships on shores of lake
-British ship captured in battle
-victory inspired US cause
-forced British to withdraw from Detroit and Fort Madden-> were overtaken by General Harrison's army and beaten at Battle of the Thames

Front 4

Oliver Hazard Perry

Back 4

-US naval officer
-built fleet of ships on shores of Lake Erie
-captured British ship in battle
-reported to superior, "We have met the enemy and they are ours."
-slogan and victory inspire US cause
-forced British to retreat from Detroit and Fort Madden
-British later overtaken by General Harrison's army and beaten at Battle of the Thames

Front 5

Battle of the Thames River

Back 5

-October 1813
-retreating British troops overtaken by General Harrison's army and beaten
-another US victory

Front 6

Thomas Macdonough

Back 6

-US naval officer
-September 11, 1814
-near Plattsburg
-crashed own ship into British ship so British couldn't reinforce troops
-forced invading British army to retreat
-saved Upper NY, New England from disaffection, and US from possible dissolution
-also affected negotiations of Anglo-American peace treaty in Europe

Front 7

Battle of Lake Champlain

Back 7

-1814
-Napoleon exiled-> British in full force
-British (10,000 troops) preparing for crushing blow into NY->forced to bring supplies over Lake Champlain waterway
-Thomas Macdonough crashed US naval ship into British ship so British couldn't reinforce troops
-forced invading British army to retreat
-saved Upper NY, New England from disaffection, and US from possible dissolution
-also affected negotiations of Anglo-American peace treaty in Europe

Front 8

Battle of Blandensberg

Back 8

-August 1814
-2nd British force (4000 troops) invaded Chesapeake Bay area
-advanced on Washington-> easily dispersed 6,000 US militia at Blandensburg ("the Blandensberg races")
-British entered Washington and set fire to most public buildings including Capital and White House
-Pres. Madison and aides ran

Front 9

Fort McHenry

Back 9

-1814
-British fleet bombarded Baltimore
-defenders of fort beat off and defeated British from Battle of Blandensberg
-battle inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner"

Front 10

Battle of Baltimore

Back 10

-1814
-British fleet appeared at city (nest for privateers) and bombarded it but were defeated by defenders at Fort McHenry
-inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner”
-US victory!

Front 11

Francis Scott Key “The Star-Spangled Banner”

Back 11

-watched British bombardment at Baltimore from British ship
-was inspired to write “The Star-Spangled Banner”
-set tune to English tavern song
-quickly gained popularity

Front 12

Andrew Jackson

Back 12

-fresh from crushing the southwest Indians at Horseshoe Bend
-placed in command at Battle of New Orleans
-hodgepodge force of 7,000 (militia, blacks, sailors, pirates, etc.)
-defeated over-confident British (8,000 troops)
-became even more of a hero of the West

Front 13

Creek Nation

Back 13

-alliance of Native Americans-> had similar characteristics
-Upper Creeks to west, Lower Creeks to east, and Choctaws
-First Nations of the northern and eastern parts of the Mississippi Territory

Front 14

Battle of New Orleans

Back 14

-1814
-3rd British force aimed at city-> menaced entire Mississippi Valley
-US troops commanded by Andrew Jackson
-January 8,1815: British made mistake of launching frontal attack
-British suffered most devastating defeat of entire war
-over 2,000 British lost in 1/2 hour compared to 70 for US
-battle useless-> Treaty of Ghent signed 2 weeks earlier
-"glorious news" reached Washington in February 1815

Front 15

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Back 15

-Tsar Alexander I of Russia wanted peace btwn US and British (didn't want British ally to lose strength in US) ->peacemakers brought to Ghent, Belgium
-signed December 24, 1814
-John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay went for signing
-British demanded neutralized Indian buffer state in Great Lakes, control of Great Lakes, and part of Maine
-US refused and British surrendered
-essentially an armistice: both sides agreed to stop fighting and restore conquered territory
-US not able to beat British-> war ended in draw

Front 16

Hartford Convention

Back 16

-December 15, 1814-January 5, 1815
-Mass., Connecticut, and Rhode Island met in secret to discuss disgust of war and redress grievances
-considered secession
-final report demanded:
*financial assistance from D.C. (compensation for trade lost in embargo)
*amendment requiring 2/3 vote in Congress before embargo imposed, new states admitted, or war declared (except in invasion)
-after Battle of New Orleans-> popularity of convention disappeared
-death of the Federalist Party: last presidential nomination was in 1816

Front 17

Era of Good Feelings

Back 17

-1816-1819
-3 yrs of tranquility and prosperity
-James Monroe nominated by Republicans-> won
-1 party rule: no party conflicts
-heightened nationalism
-issues of tariff, bank, slavery, internal improvements, sectionalism, and sale of public lands

Front 18

Sectionalism

Back 18

-increased due to War of 1812 and heightened by slavery issue
-1819: sectional tensions-> rivalry btwn slave South and free North over West
-led to internal conflicts

Front 19

James Monroe

Back 19

-1816: nominated for Pres. by Rebublicans
-beat Federalist candidate 183 to 34 electoral votes
-Era of Good Feelings
-Panic of 1819
-Monroe Doctrine

Front 20

Nationalism: cultural & economic

Back 20

-spirit of national oneness
-War of 1812 showed US could defend beliefs and emerge as one nation
-manifested in literature and art
-1816: Bank of US revived and army and navy expanded
-inspired Henry Clay's American System (plan for profitable home markets)
-Washington D.C. rebuilt better than before

Front 21

Tariff of 1816

Back 21

-British companies sold huge surplus of goods really cheap-> US couldn't compete
-instituted by Congress
-1st protective tariff (not for revenue)
-20-25% tax on dutiable imports
-protected US goods and infant industries

Front 22

Protective tariff

Back 22

-British companies sold huge surplus of goods really cheap to hurt US industry
-US couldn't compete-> Tariff of 1816: tax on foreign imports so US manufacturing could flourish

Front 23

Henry Clay; American System

Back 23

-1824
-plan for profitable home market/economy so US is no longer dependent on other nations
-3 parts:
*strong bank->provide easy and abundant credit
*protective tariff->manufacturing can flourish
*network of roads and canals
-overall: knit country together economically and politically
-1817: Congress voted to distribute $1.5 mil. to states for internal improvements-> Pres. Madison vetoed bill (unconstitutional)
-Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans strongly opposed fed. funded intrastate roads
-New England opposed roads-> would drain population west and create competing states.

Front 24

Second Bank of the US

Back 24

-1816-1836
-revived by Congress
-created "wildcat banks" in West-> gave out loans to anyone anytime-> Panic of 1819
-deeply involved in over speculation of frontier lands

Front 25

Panic of 1819

Back 25

-1st financial panic-> deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment
-cause: over speculation of frontier lands
-Bank of US: financial devil to western farmers ("wildcat banks")-> foreclosed farms (poor and trapped)
-national bank tightens credit restrictions-> harder to get loans
-poorer class want more involvement in gov't
-lasted 7 yrs

Front 26

John Marshall

Back 26

-Chief Justice
-aggressive
-established judicial review
-fed power over state power

Front 27

Fletcher v. Peck

Back 27

-1810
-GA legislature granted 35 mil acres to private speculators (bribed)
-next legislature canceled transaction
-Marshall ruled that the previous legislature's grant was a contract-> Const. says states can't repeal/impair contracts-> grant= Constitutional and valid
-protected property rights against popular pressures
-right of Supreme court to invalidate state laws conflicting w/ Const.

Front 28

McCullouch v. Maryland

Back 28

-1819
-Maryland tried to destroy a branch of the Bank of the US by imposing tax on Bank's notes
-Marshall declared Bank constitutional by implied powers-> denied Maryland right to tax Bank
-strengthened fed. authority and slapped at state infringements
-loose interpretation of Const.-> derived by ppl-> permitted gov't to act for ppls benefit

Front 29

Cohens v. Virginia

Back 29

-1821
-Cohens found guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets-> appealed to Supreme Court
-VA "won" in the sense that Cohens were still guilty
-BUT VA and individual states lost bc Marshall asserted judicial review of state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of fed. gov't
-defended fed. power

Front 30

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Back 30

-1819
-1769: college granted charter by King George III
-New Hampshire wanted to take charter away-> college appealed to Supreme Court
-Marshall put states in place-> original charter must stand-> contract and Const. says states can't repeal contracts
-protected businesses from state gov'ts and enabled chartered corporations to escape public control
-

Front 31

Gibbons v. Ogden

Back 31

-1824
-"steamboat case"
-NY tried to grant private company a monopoly of waterborne commerce btwn NY and NJ
-Marshall said only Congress had power to control interstate commerce-> NY lost
-Fed. power over state

Front 32

Implied powers

Back 32

-loose interpretation of Const.
-powers of gov't not specifically written in Const.
-supported by necessary and proper clause
-gave Pres. and Congress power to create national bank etc.

Front 33

Tallmadge Amendment

Back 33

-1819: sectional tensions and Missouri wanted to become a slave state (had sufficient population)
-House of Reps. slowed plans of Missouri becoming a state
-stated no more slaves could be brought into Missouri and called for general emancipation of slave's children by age 25
-defeated by slave states in Congress-> saw it as threat to sectional balance (tried to thwart any northern effort to interfere w/ slavery)
-would have given Congress power to possibly go back and abolish slavery in older states

Front 34

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Back 34

-deadlock in congress btwn North and South over Missouri/Maine
-created by Henry Clay
-3 parts:
*Missouri admitted as slave state
*Maine admitted at free state
*slavery prohibited north of 36*30'-> Louisiana territory must be admitted as free
-to go west in South as southern state w/ slaves: must deal w/ Spain
-lasted 34 yrs and in 1820 election Monroe got every vote but 1

Front 35

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

Back 35

-end to floating arms race btwn British and US on Great Lakes
-btwn US and British
-limited navy on Great Lakes->better relations

Front 36

Convention (Treaty) of 1818

Back 36

-joint ownership/occupation of Oregon w/ Canada (British)
-block off US expansion north of 39th parallel and Louisiana Purchase boundary no farther west than Rockies and north than 49th parallel

Front 37

Andrew Jackson

Back 37

-1817: Spain doesn't have enough troops to keep FL-> Indians and white outcasts ravaged US border
-General given authority by Monroe to go to FL and stop conflicts, punish Indians, and capture white runaways, but leave Spanish cities alone
-1818: went to FL, did ^, and captured St. Marks and Pensacola (2 most important Spanish forts)
-takes cities for US-> Monroe alarmed

Front 38

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Back 38

-Adams-Onis treaty
-John Quincy Adams: defends Jackson and says he gave US FL
-US and Spain meet
-Spain ceded FL and claims to Oregon in exchange for US abandonment of claims to Texas

Front 39

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Back 39

-Monroe concerned w/ US security-> wanted Old World powers to stay away
-in annual address to Congress Monroe issued stern warning to European powers
-non-colonization and nonintervention
-era of colonization in Americas over
-warned Europe to stay out of wars in Western Hemisphere and US wouldn't intervene in foreign wars
-Europe offended and angry
-Latin America annoyed: doesn't need protection of US
-thrived off nationalism

Front 40

Cumberland Road

Back 40

-1811
-highway
-ran from western Maryland to Illinois
-improved land route to Ohio Valley

Front 41

Erie Canal

Back 41

-1825: completed in NY
-built through state construction system
-value of land along route increased
-new cities grew
-industry boomed
-attracted ppl west to farm