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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychosis:
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a state of being profoundly out of touch with reality
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Hallucinations:
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abnormal sensory experiences such as hearing or seeing nonexistent things
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Delusions:
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fixed, false, and often bizarre beliefs
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Schizophrenia:
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a disorder marked by psychosis and a decline in adaptive functioning
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misconceptions of schizophrenia
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-split personality
-violent people |
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Cultural and Historical Relativism in Defining and Classifying Schizophrenia
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-At some times, psychotic people have been viewed as creative, wise or enlightened
-Western scientific and medical traditions have claimed psychosis to be a symptom of illness |
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Dementia Praecox:
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an early term for schizophrenia, from the Greek for “premature dementia”
-KRAEPIN |
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The term schizophrenia was coined by Eugen Bleuler with the 4 symptoms “4A’s”
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1.Ambivalence (paralysis of the will)
2.Abnormal associations in thinking 3.Disturbed Affect (emotion) 4.Autism (a withdrawal into fantasy instead of focus on reality) |
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duration of psychotic traits in order to be diagnosed as schizophrenia
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Severe cognitive and behavioral symptoms that last for a certain length of time (6+ months)
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Symptoms (must have 2 or more of the 5)
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-delusions
-hallucinations -disorganized speech -grossly disorganized behavior -negative symptoms - |
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Disorganized Speech:
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severe disruptions in the process of speech
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Grossly Disorganized Behavior:
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bizarre or disrupted behavioral patterns, such as dishevelment, extreme agitation, uncontrollable childlike silliness, or an inability to perform simple activities of daily living
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Positive or Type I Symptoms of schizophrenia:
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symptoms that represent pathological excesses, exaggerations, or distortions from normal functioning, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech, thought or behavior
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Negative or Type II Symptoms of Schizophrenia:
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symptoms that represent pathological deficits, such as flat affect, loss of motivation, and poverty of speech
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Non-bizarre delusions:
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something that could actually happen (followed by the CIA)
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Delusions of persecution:
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the idea that one is being attacked, followed and controlled
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Delusions of grandeur:
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believing they are all-powerful, all-knowing
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Delusions of reference:
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false assumption that external events are connected to self (TV is talking to you)
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Loose Associations:
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a sequence of logically disconnected thoughts
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Neologisms:
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made-up words, like “headvise” for headache
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Clang associations:
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nonsense sequences of rhyming or like-sounding words
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Echolalia:
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a speech abnormality in which a person mimics what he or she has just heard
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Echopraxia:
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repeating the gestures of others
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Word Salad:
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a seemingly random collection of disorganized words
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Catatonia:
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psychomotoric symptoms ranging from extreme immobility and unresponsiveness to extreme agitation
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Waxy Flexibility:
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catatonic symptom in which clients limbs, often held in rigid posture for hours, can be bent and reshaped as though made of wax.
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Alogia or poverty of speech:
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minimal or absent verbal communication
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Thought blocking:
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inability to talk despite trying to do so
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Avolition:
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reduced or absent motivation
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Anhedonia:
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loss of sense of pleasure
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Temporal Criteria of dignosing schizophrenia
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1.6+ months of the disorder with at least one month’s duration of two or more clear examples of positive or negative symptoms
2.Evidence of significant impairment and deterioration over time in an individual’s ability to function 3. co-morbidity |
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Downward Drift:
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the decline in socioeconomic status of individuals with schizophrenia relative to their families of origin
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5 subtypes of schizophrenia
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1-paranoid schizophrenia
2-disorganized schizophrenia 3-catatonic schizophrenia 4-undifferentiated schizophrenia 5-residual schizophrenia |
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Schizophrenic Spectrum:
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a group of related and overlapping disorders that may have a common etiological basis
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Schizoaffective disorder:
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DSM-IV-TR diagnosis involving symptoms of both a mood disorder and schizophrenia
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Schizophreniform Disorder:
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a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis involving a psychotic episodes that has all the features of schizophrenia but has not lasted 6 months
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Brief Psychotic Disorder:
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the DSM-IV-TR diagnosis involving a psychotic episode that has all the features of schizophrenia but lasts less than one month
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Delusional Disorder:
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DMS-IV-TR diagnosis involving non bizarre delusions lasting at least one mont
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Shared Delusional Disorder or Folie a Deux:
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DSM-IV-TR diagnosis involving delusions that develop in the context of a close relationship with a psychotic person.
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Three Phases of schizophrenia
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-prodromal phase
-active phase -residual phase |
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Prodromal Phase of schizophrenia:
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the first stage of schizophrenia in which symptoms are developing
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Active Phase of schizophrenia:
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the second phase of schizophrenia, involving psychotic symptoms
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Residual Phase of schizophrenia:
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the third stage of schizophrenia, in which the individual is no longer psychotic but still shows sign of the disorder
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how does schizophrenia Manifest itself differently in men and women
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Men- higher rates of the disorder and earlier onset, more negative symptoms, and a poorer cause and outcome
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Proximal (Immediate) Causes of schizophrenia
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-brain function abnormalities
-abnormal neurotransmission -brain structure abnormalities -Neuropsychological and Neurophysiological Abnormalities |
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Hyprofrontality:
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a general decrease in activity in the prefrontal cortex
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Dopamine:
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a neurotransmitter thought to be specifically related to positive symptoms of schizophrenia and to pleasure
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Glutamate:
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a neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenic symptoms and many other functions
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Serotonin:
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a neurotransmitter associated with depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia
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GABBA:
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a neurotransmitter that suppresses nervous system activity
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Parkinsonism:
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The stiffness and tremors associated with Parkinson’s disease
-side effect of a drug used to treat schizophrenia |
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Neuroleptic:
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another name for an antipsychotic medication that reduces the availability of dopamine in the brain
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Dopamine hypothesis:
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the hypothesis that excess dopamine transmission causes the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia (carlsson and lindquist)
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D2 Receptors:
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receptors involved in dopamine transmission that are thought to play a role in symptoms of schizophrenia
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Brain Structure Abnormalities
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Association between enlarged lateral ventricle and schizophrenia and negative symptoms
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Ventricles:
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fluid-filled cavities in the brain
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Neuropsychological and Neurophysiological Abnormalities
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Frontal and temporal lobe deficits are found in healthy close relatives of individual proving it a risk factor
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Impaired Sensory Gating:
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difficulty processing sensory input
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Distal Causes
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-environmental causes
-biological causes -Schizotaxia |
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Genetic Factors
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Schizophrenia runs in families, the closer the relationship to the person with schizophrenia, the greater the risk
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Parkinsonism:
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The stiffness and tremors associated with Parkinson’s disease
-side effect of a drug used to treat schizophrenia |
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Neuroleptic:
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another name for an antipsychotic medication that reduces the availability of dopamine in the brain
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Dopamine hypothesis:
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the hypothesis that excess dopamine transmission causes the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia (carlsson and lindquist
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D2 Receptors:
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receptors involved in dopamine transmission that are thought to play a role in symptoms of schizophrenia
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Brain Structure Abnormalities
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-Association between enlarged lateral ventricle and schizophrenia and negative symptoms
-Decreased size of the temporal lobe as well as abnormalities in the frontal and parietal lobes |
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Ventricles:
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fluid-filled cavities in the brain
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Neuropsychological and Neurophysiological Abnormalities in schizophrenia
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Cognitive abilities such as verbal fluency, learning, memory, attention are all reduced
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Impaired Sensory Gating:
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difficulty processing sensory input
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Distal Causes
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-schizotaxia
-environmental causes -biological causes |
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Schizotaxia:
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the latent vulnerability for developing schizophrenia that may or may not progress into full-blown schizophrenia (Meehl)
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Concordance Rates:
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in a group of twins, the percentage who both have the same disorder
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Polygenic:
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involving multiple genes
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Antipsychotic Medications:
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medications that reduce psychotic symptoms
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Phenothiazines:
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chemical name for the first generation antipsychotic medications, a dopamine antagonist that blocks transmission at D2 receptors
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Major Tranquilizers:
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another name for antipsychotic medications
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Deinstitutionalization
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the social policy, beginning in the late 1960s, of discharging large numbers of hospitalized psychiatric clients into the community
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Clozapine:
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produced much less dopamine blockage and actually seemed to increase the dopamine transmission in the prefrontal cortex
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Atypical or Second Generation Antipsychotics:
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newer antipsychotic medications that target both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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focus of treatment of schizophrenia has switched...
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to prodromal phase. more preventative research is taken place
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Cognitive Components of schizophrenia
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abnormal attention process
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cognitive interventions for schizophrenia
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challange delusional beliefs
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behavioral interventions for schizophrenia
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-token economy
-reinforcement techniques -social skills training |
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Token Economy:
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the systematic use of coin like tokens as rewards in an operant conditioning treatment program
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szaz's arguements about schizophrenia
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schizophrenia is a healthy constructive reaction to pathological social and family pressures
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Milieu Treatment for schizophrenia:
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an institutional treatment philosophy in which clients take active responsibility for decisions about the management of their environment and their therapies
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sociocultural interventions of schizophrenia
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milieu treatment
assertive community test (ACT) |
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Assertive Community Treatment (ACT):
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a treatment program for schizophrenia that offers frequent and coordinated contact with a wide variety of professionals in an effort to decrease relapses and rehospitalization
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Double –Bind Communications:
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contradictory messages such as “be independent” but “never leave me!” that put the child in a “damned if you do, damned if you don’t” position
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Communication Deviance:
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odd or idiosyncratic communications in families
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Expressed Emotion (EE):
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high levels of criticism and over involvement in families
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psychodynamic components of schizophrenia
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Freud believed that schizophrenia had a biological base and that psychotherapy was not helpful
-caused by cold mothers -caused by fixation at the infantile stage |
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Personal Therapy:
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an adjunctive therapy for schizophrenia that combines cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic principles and helps clients solve the practical problems of daily life.
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