Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
General sense |
Any sense that is not a special sense, for example touch or pressure |
|
|
|
Visceral sense |
Sense transmitted by receptors in your stomach that inform you that you are hungry |
|
|
|
Special sense |
Sense that allows you to smell and taste soup |
|
|
|
Somatic sense |
Sense of pain that you feel when you spill hot soup on your arm |
|
|
|
Stimulus |
A change in the environment of a neuron that can alter its permeability to ions |
|
|
|
Receptors/sense organs |
Pick up stimulus and converts it from resting potential to an electrical signal and nerve impulse when threshold is reached |
|
|
|
Conduction |
Nerve impulse transmitted to the central nervous system |
|
|
|
Translation or integration |
nerve impulse is converted to sensation: usually occurs in cerebral cortex |
|
|
|
Adaptation |
Feel something, like an article of clothing, but the awareness of that touch has dissipated over time Slow adaptation is advantageous bc if it was rapid, we could injur ourselves beyond repair |
|
|
|
Perception |
Actually see in your cerebral cortex even though it seems like you're seeing through your eyes Result of integration in the cerebral cortex |
|
|
|
Separate cells |
Receptors for in the retina of the eye for vision and in the inner ear for hearing |
|
|
|
Free nerve ending |
Receptors for pain, itch, or tickle |
|
|
|
Encapsulated nerve endings |
Receptors for touch or pressure |
|
|
|
Couples of touch |
Egg-shaped receptors located in dermal papillae especially in fingertips, palms of hands, and some of feet: rapidly adapting |
|
|
|
Lamellated corpscules |
Onion-shaped structures sensitive to pressure and high-frequency vibration |
|
|
|
Nociceptors |
Free nerve endings that sense pain May respond to any type of stimulus if stimulus is string enough to cause tissue damage Respkind to chemicals released from injured tissue, such as prostaglandins |
|
|
|
Type I and II cutaneous mechanoreceptors |
Touch receptor, slowly adapting |
|
|
|
Tendon organs |
Proprioceptors Receptors that protect muscles and their tendons from excessive tension |
|
|
|
Muscle spindles |
Proprioceptors |
Receptors between skeletal muscle cells that are sensitive to stretch |
|
|
Joint kinesthetic receptors |
Proprioceptors |
|
|
|
Hair root complexes |
Receptors stimulated when you feel an ant walking on your skin |
|
|
|
Fast pain |
Acute, sharp, prickly pain Causes: needle puncture, knife cut to skin |
|
|
|
Slow pain |
Chronic, aching, throbbing Does occur in deep tissue or internal organs Likely to be localized to a diffuse area |
|
|
|
Hormones of the anterior pituitary |
Human growth hormone (hGH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Follicle-stimulating (FSH) Luteinizing (LH) Prolactin (PRL) Adrenocorticopotropic (ACTH) Melanocyte-stimulating (MSH) |
|
|
|
Hormones of the posterior pituitary |
Oxytocin Antidiuretic (ADH) |
|
|
|
Human growth hormone |
hGH In anterior pituitary Stimulates liver, muscle, cartliage, bone, etc. To synthesize and secrete insulinlike growth factors (IGF) |
|
|
|
Insulinlike growth factors |
promote growth body cells, protein synthesis, tissue repair, breakdown or triglycerides, and elevation of blood glucose level |
|
|
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone |
TSH In anterior pituitary Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland |
|
|
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone |
TSH In anterior pituitary Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland |
|
|
|
Follicle-stimulating hormone |
FSH Anterior pituitary Initiated development of oocytes and induces secretion of estrogens by the ovaries Stimulates testes to produce sperm |
|
|
|
Luteinizing hormone |
LH Anterior pituitary Stimulate secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, formation of corpus luteum. Stimulates testes to produce testosterone |
|
|
|
Prolactin |
Stimulates milk production by the mammary glands |
|
|
|
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
Or corticotropic Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoirds (mainly cortisol) by the adrenal cortex |
|
|
|
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
MSH Anterior pituitary Excess can cause darkening of the skin Hormone that affects skiin pigment |
|
|
|
Oxytocin |
Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus during childbirth. Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands |
|
|
|
Antidiuretic hormone |
ADH posterior pituitary Conserves body water by decreasing urine output. Decreased water loss through sweating. Raises blood pressure baby constricting (narrowing) arterioles |
|
|
|
Thymus hormones |
Thymosin |
|
|
|
GI tract hormones |
Gastric Glucose-dependent insolinotropic peptide (GIP) Secretin Cholecystokinin |
|
|
|
Gastrin |
GI tract Promotes secretion of gastric juice and increases movements of the stomach |
|
|
|
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide |
GI tract Stimulates release of beta cells by pancreatic beta cells |
|
|
|
Secretin |
Stimulates release of pancreatic juice and bile |
|
|
|
Cholecyatokinin |
Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice, regulates release of bile from the gallbladder, and brings about a feeling of fullness after eating |
|
|
|
Kidney hormone |
Erythropoietin |
|
|
|
Erythropoietin |
Increases rate of red blood cell production |
|
|
|
Heart hormone |
Atrial matriuretic peptide |
|
|
|
Atrial natriuretic peptide |
Decreased blood pressure |
|
|
|
Adipose tissue hormone |
Leptin |
|
|
|
Leptin |
Suppresses appetite and may increase activity of FSH and LH |
|
|
|
Placenta hormone |
Human chorionic gonadotropin |
|
|
|
Human chrorionic gonadotropin |
Stimulates the ovary to continue production of estrogens and progesterone during pregnancy |
|
|
|
Thyroid gland hormone |
T3 and T4 |
|
|
|
Thyroid follicles |
Consist of follicular cells Make up most of the thyroid gland |
|
|
|
Follicular cells |
Produce thyroxine (T4: contains four atoms of iodine) And triiodothyronine (T3: three atoms of iodine) |
|
|
|
Parafollicilar cells |
Produce calcitonin |
|
|
|
What do thyroid hormones do? |
Increase basal metabolic rate, ra re of oxygen consumption under standard or basal conditions Stimulate body growth (nervous and skeletal system) |
|
|
|
Hyperthyroidism |
Excess secretion of thyroid hormones |
|
|
|
Calcitonin |
Decrease level of calcium in blood by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts Secretion controlled by negative feedback system |
|
|
|
Parathyroid hormones |
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) released by secretory cell called chief cells |
|
|
|
What does PTH do? |
Major regulator of levels of calciym, magnesium, and phosphate ions in blood. Promotes formation of calcitriol (active form of vitamin D) |
|
|
|
Pancreatic islets |
Alpha: glucagon Beta: insulin |
|
|
|
Glucagon |
Increase blood glucose level when falls below normal. |
|
|
|
Insulin |
Helps glucose move into cells, especially muscle fibers Lowers blood glucose when too high |
|
|
|
Adrenal cortex hormones |
Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticois Androgens |
|
|
|
What is the major mineralocorticoid? |
Aldosterone |
|
|
|
What is the function of aldosterone? |
Regulates homeostasis of two mineral ions (sodium and potassium) Increases reabsorption of sodium from urine in blood Stimulates excretion of potassium into urine |
|
|
|
What initiates the reninangiotensin-aldosterone pathway |
Dehydration, sodium deficiency, hemorrhage |
|
|
|
Functions of glucocorticoids |
(Main one is cortisol) Protien breakdown Glucose formation Breakdown of triglycerides Anti-inflammatory effects Depression of immune responses |
|
|
|
Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
Flight-or-fight |
|
|
|
Adrenal medulla hormones |
Enpinephine Norepinephrine |
|
|
|
Ovaries hormones |
Estrogens Progesterone Inhibin Relaxin |
|
|
|
Estrogens and progesterone functions |
Regulate menstrual cycle Maintain pregnancy Prepare mammary glands for lactation Establish maintain feminine body shape |
|
|
|
Inhibin |
Protein hormone inhibits secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone |
|
|
|
Relaxin |
Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy Helps dilate uterine cervix during labor and delivery |
|
|
|
Testes hormones |
Testosterone |
|
|
|
Testosterone |
Regulates production of sperm and stimulates development and maintenance of masculine characteristics Produce inhibin (inhibits secretion of FSH) |
|
|
|
Pineal gland hormone |
Melatonin |
|
|
|
Ophthalmology |
Eye and disorders of |
|
|
|
Otorhinolaryngology |
Science deals with eats, nose, and throat and disorders of |
|
|
|
Olfactory epithelium |
Upper portion of nasal cavity 3 types of cells |
|
|
|
Pathway for olfactory functions |
Each Sid of nose, 40 bundles of slender unmyelinated axins of olfsct th receptor cells extend through 20 homes in cribiform plate of ethmoid bone |
|
|
|
Axons of olfactory receptors form what |
Olfactory nerve |
|
|
|
What does gestation mean? |
Taste |
|
|
|
What are the 5 tastes? |
Sour, sweet, savory (umami), bitter, salty |
|
|
|
Where, in the brain, are gustation impulses conducted? |
Medulla oblongata, limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus, primary gust. area in parietal love of cerebral cortex |
|
|
|
What are the accessories of the eyeball |
Eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids, extrinsic eye muscle, lacrimal apparatus |
|
|
|
What are the three layers of the eyeball? |
Fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina |
|
|
|
What is the fibrous tunic made up of? |
Outer coat of eyeball Anterior cornea, posterior sclera |
|
|
|
Cornea |
Transparent fibrous coat that covers the colored iris Helps focus light rays into retina |
|
|
|
Sclera |
White of the eye Dense connective tissue that covers all eye except cornea Gives shape to eyeball, makes more rigid, protects inner parts |
|
|
|
Conjuctiva |
Covers sclera, not cornea Lines inner surface of eyelids |
|
|
|
Vascular tunic |
Choroid Ciliary body Iris Pupil |
|
|
|
Choroid |
Thin membrane that lines most of internal surface of sclera Contains blood vessels (help nourish retina) Contains melanocytes |
|
|
|
Melanocytes in choroid |
Produce melanin |
|
|
|
Melanin in choroid |
Absorbs stray light rays, prevent reflection and scattering of light within eyeball Image cast on retina by cornea and kline remains sharp and clear |
|
|
|
Ciliary body |
Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle |
|
|
|
Ciliary processes |
Folds on the inner surface of the ciliary body Capillaries secrete aqueous humor |
|
|
|
Ciliary muscles |
Smooth muscle alters the shape of the lens for viewing objects up close or at a distance |
|
|
|
Lens |
Transparent structure that focuses light rays onto retina Constructed of many layers of elastic protein fibers Held in place by zonular fibers |
|
|
|
Iris |
Colored part of eye Circular and radial smooth muscle fibers |
|
|
|
Smooth muscle of iris |
Regulates amount of light passing through lens |
|
|
|
Retina |
Photoreceptor cell layer Bipolar cell layer Ganglion cell layer |
|
|
|
Photoreceptors |
Specialized cells in photo pigment layer Begin the process which light rays are ultimately converted into nerve impulses Rods and cones |
|
|
|
Rods |
Shades of gray |
|
|
|
What is the photo pigment in rods? |
Rhodopsin |
|
|
|
Cones |
3 types: Blue, red, green |
|
|
|
Where are cones most densely concentrated? |
Fovea centralis or macula lutea |
|
