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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ethnic Group
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A distinct group ofpeople who share a common language, set of customs, history, culture, race,religion, or origin.
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Ethnocentrism
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An orientation or setof beliefs that holds one’s own culture, ethnic or racial group, or nation issuperior to others
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Racism (opposite of ethnocentrism)
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- is more likely to be based on physical differences than on cultural differences.
- Frequently “a basis of discrimination against members of racial minority groups”(Similar to ethnocentric ideologies), mostracist ideologists assert that members of other racial groups areinferior. |
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2 Types of Discrimination
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1. De jure
2.De Facto |
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De jure
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legal discrimination (ex. Jim Crow laws in the South: denial of the right to trial, prohibition against voting, prohibition against interracial marriage) (Today, such laws in the U.S. have been declared unconstitutional)
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De Facto
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discrimination that exists (legal or not) that often result from powerful informal norms that are discriminatory.
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Oppression
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- The social act of placing severe restrictions on a group or institution. Typically, a government or political organization that is in power places these restrictions formally or covertly on oppressed groups so that they may be exploited and less able to compete with other social groups.
- All acts ofoppression are also acts of discrimination |
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Stereotypes
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Preconceived andrelatively fixed ideas about an individual, group, or social status. Theseideas are usually based on superficial characteristics or overgeneralizationsof traits observed in some members of the group
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Individual Racism
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The negative attitudes one person has about all members of a racial or ethnic group, often resulting in overt acts such as name-calling, social exclusion, or violence.
- Example of Individual Racism: White terrorists bomb a black church and kill 5 black children.\ |
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Institutional Discrimination
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Prejudicial treatment in organizations based on official policies, overt behaviors, or behaviors that may be covert but approved by those in power.
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Causes of Racial Discrimination and Oppression
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No single theory provides a complete picture of why racial discrimination and oppression occur.
The sources of discrimination are both internal and external to those who are prejudiced. Several explanations for racial discrimination and oppression: |
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Authoritarianism (Authoritarian Personality)
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- This personality type is inflexible and rigid and has a low tolerance for uncertainty, has a great respect for authority figures and quickly submits to their will, and highly values conventional behavior while feeling threatened by unconventional behavior in others.
- To reduce this threat, this personality type labels unconventional people as “immature”, “inferior,” or “degenerate” and thereby avoids any need to question his/her own beliefs and values. - Views members of minority groups asunconventional, degrades them and expresses authoritarianism through prejudice,discrimination and intolerance. |
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Empowerment
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The process ofhelping individuals, families, groups, and communities increase their personal,interpersonal, socio-economic, and political strength and influence towardimproving their circumstances
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Dual Perspective
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The conceptual framework that views that all people are a part of two systems.
The dominant( sustaining) system: the society that one lives in, which is the source of power and economic resources. The nurturing system: composed of the physical and social environment of family and community.The adverse consequences of an oppressivesociety on the self-concept of a person of color can be partially offset by thenurturing system |
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Cross-CulturalLeadership:
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Must be able tocommunicate information about diverse client groups to other professionals.
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Language Diversity
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Must seek toprovide/advocate for the provision of information, referrals, and services inthe language appropriate to the client, which may include use of interpreters
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ProfessionalEducation:
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Must advocate for and participate in educational/training programs that help advance cultural competence within the profession
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Diverse Workforce
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Must support and advocate for recruitment, admissions and hiring, and retention efforts in social work programs and agencies that ensure diversity within the profession.
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Empowerment andAdvocacy:
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Must be aware of the effect of social policies and programs on diverse client populations, advocating for/with clients whenever appropriate.
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Service Delivery:
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Must be knowledgeable about and skillful in the use of services available in the community and broader society and be able to make appropriate referrals for their diverse clients.
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Cross-Cultural Skills
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Must use appropriate methodological approaches, skills, and techniques that reflect the workers’ understanding of the role of culture in the helping process.
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Cross-CulturalKnowledge:
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Must have andcontinue to develop specialized knowledge and understanding about the history,traditions, values, family systems, and artistic expressions of the clientgroups they serve.
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Self-Awareness
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Must seek todevelop an understanding of their own personal, cultural values and beliefs
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Ethics and Values:
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Must recognize how personal and professional values may conflict with or accommodate the needs of diverse clients.
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National Association of Social Workers Code ofEthics
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Social workers shouldact to prevent and eliminate domination, exploitation, and discriminationagainst any person, group or class on the basis of race, ethnicity, nationalorigin, color, age, religion, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, political belief, mental or physicaldisability, or any other preference, personal characteristic, or statuse
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Anglo-Conformity
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assumes the desirability of maintaining modified English institutions, language, and culture as the dominant standard in American life. (i.e. Assimilation)
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Melting Pot:
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views the future American society as a totally new blend, both culturally and biologically of all the various groups that inhabit the U.S. (very limited in the U.S.)w
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Cultural Pluralism:
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a series ofcoexisting groups, each preserving its own tradition and culture, but eachloyal to an overarching American nation. (presently in the U.S.)
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Strengths Perspective
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Closely related to empowerment. “Seeks to identify, use, build, and reinforce the abilities and strengths that people have”
It emphasizes people’s abilities, interests, aspirations, resources, beliefs, and accomplishments. This perspective is in contrast to the medicalperspective, which focuses on their deficiencies. |
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Social Justice
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An ideal condition for society. “All members of a society have the same basic rights, protection, opportunities, obligations, and social benefits.Social work profession is dedicated to achievesocial justice for all and to advocate against social injustice, including lawsand policies (i.e governmental and agency)
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Insecurity and Inferiority
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Psychic Need that may be satisfied by discrimination is the desire to counter feelings of insecurity or inferiority.
Some insecure people feel better about themselves by putting down another group. They can tell themselves that they are “better than” those people. |
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Frustration-Aggression
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Psychic need met by discrimination: the release of tension and frustration when we are unable to achieve or obtain something we desire.
Sometimes we strike back at the source of our frustration but many times direct retaliation is not possible and displace their anger and aggression onto a scapegoat (i.e. an individual or a group of people) |
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Projection
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Is a psychological defense mechanism by which we attribute to others characteristics or traits that we dislike in ourselves and are unwilling to recognize in ourselves. (i.e. psychic need met)
We “project” some of these traits onto others (often to some other group in society), thus displacing the negative feelings they would otherwise direct at themselves. In the process, they reject and condemn those onto whom they have projected the traits. |
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Institutional Racism
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Discriminatory acts and policies against a racial group that pervade the major macrosystems of society, including the legal, political, economic, and educational systems.
Some of these discriminatory acts and policies are illegal and others are not.(Barker definition): Those polices, practices orprocedures embedded in bureaucratic structures that systematically lead tounequal outcomes for people of color. r |
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4 “Types” of People
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1.Unprejudiced Nondiscriminator:
2. Unprejudiced Discriminator: 3. Prejudiced Nondiscriminator: 4. Prejudiced Discriminator: |
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Unprejudiced Nondiscriminator:
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In both belief and practice, upholds American ideals of freedom and equality. Is not prejudiced against other groups and, on principle, will not discriminate against them.
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Unprejudiced Discriminator:
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Is not personally prejudiced but may sometimes, reluctantly, discriminate against other groups because it seems socially or financially convenient to do so.
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Prejudiced Nondiscriminator:
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Feels hostile to other groups but recognizes that law and social pressures are opposed to overt discrimination. Reluctantly, does not translate prejudice into action.
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Prejudiced Discriminator:
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Does not believe in the values of freedom and equality and consistently discriminates against other groups in both word and deed.
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Distinguish between Prejudice andDiscrimination
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Prejudice: “a combination of stereotyped beliefs and negative attitudes, so that prejudiced individuals think about people in a predetermined, usually negative, categorical way.”
Discrimination: “involves physical actions-unequal treatment of people because they belong to a category.”Discriminatory behavior often derives fromprejudiced attitudes. |
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Discrimination
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Positive: “the process of distinguishing between two objects, ideas, situations or stimuli”
Negative:“the prejudgment and negative treatment of people based on identifiable characteristics such as race, gender, religion, or ethnicity.”o |
