Ch 12 & 13

Front 1

Sir Walter Scott

Back 1

was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet

Front 2

James Fenimore Cooper

Back 2

popular American writer of the early 19th century.
most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans

Front 3

Herman Melville

Back 3

an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick

Front 4

Romanticism

Back 4

a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe

it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalisation of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education and natural history.

Front 5

Transcendentalism

Back 5

Among transcendentalists' core beliefs was the belief in an ideal spiritual state that "transcends" the physical and empirical and is realized only through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions.

Front 6

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Back 6

an American lecturer, essayist, and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.

Emerson's "nature" was more philosophical than naturalistic; "Philosophically considered, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul."

Front 7

Henry David Thoreau

Back 7

was an American author, poet, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.

Front 8

Margaret Fuller

Back 8

an American journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement. She was the first full-time American female book reviewer in journalism.

Fuller was an advocate of women's rights and, in particular, women's education and the right to employment. She also encouraged many other reforms in society, including prison reform and the emancipation of slaves in the United States.

Front 9

Joseph Smith

Back 9

was the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, a group of churches whose adherents regard him as a prophet. During the late 1820s he became the leader of a small group of followers who believed that an angel had given him a book of golden plates containing a religious history of ancient American peoples. Smith said he had translated the writing on the plates from an unknown language into English; and in 1830, he published the translation as the Book of Mormon and organized what he said was a restoration of the early Christian church.

Front 10

Mormons

Back 10

an adherent, practitioner, follower, or constituent of Mormonism, which is the largest branch of the Latter Day Saint movement.

Front 11

The Shakers

Back 11

United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, known as the Shakers or Shaking Quakers, is a religious sect originally thought to be a development of the Protestant Quakers.[1] Founded upon the teachings of Ann Lee, the group was known for their emphasis on social equality and rejection of sexual relations, which led to their precipitous decline in numbers after their heavy involvement in the running of orphanages was curtailed.

Front 12

Oneida people

Back 12

a Native American/First Nations people and are one of the five founding nations of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area of upstate New York. The Iroquois call themselves Haudenosaunee ("The people of the longhouses") in reference to their communal lifestyle and the construction of their dwellings.

Front 13

Second Great Awakening

Back 13

was a religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States, which expressed Arminian theology by which every person could be saved through revivals.

Front 14

Temperance movement

Back 14

a social movement urging reduced use of alcoholic beverages. Temperance movements may criticize excessive alcohol use, promote complete abstinence, or pressure the government to enact anti-alcohol legislation.

Front 15

Phrenology

Back 15

Phrenologists believed that the mind has a set of different mental faculties, with each particular faculty represented in a different area of the brain. These areas were said to be proportional to a person's propensities, and the importance of the given mental faculty. It was believed that the cranial bone conformed in order to accommodate the different sizes of these particular areas of the brain in different individuals, so that a person's capacity for a given personality trait could be determined simply by measuring the area of the skull that overlies the corresponding area of the brain.

Front 16

Edward Jenner

Back 16

widely credited as the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, and is sometimes referred to as the "Father of Immunology".

Front 17

Harriet Beecher Stove

Back 17

an American abolitionist and author. Her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) depicted life for African-Americans under slavery;

Front 18

Seneca Falls

Back 18

was an early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19–20, 1848. It was organized by local New York women upon the occasion of a visit by Boston-based Lucretia Mott, a Quaker famous for her speaking ability, a skill rarely cultivated by American women at the time.

The meeting spanned two days and six sessions, and included a lecture on law, a humorous presentation, and multiple discussions about the role of women in society. Stanton and the Quaker women presented two prepared documents, the Declaration of Sentiments and an accompanying list of resolutions, to be debated and modified before being put forward for signatures.

Front 19

William Lloyd Garrison

Back 19

a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States.

Front 20

Frederick Douglass

Back 20

an American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining renown for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves did not have the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. He became a major speaker for the cause of abolition.

Front 21

The Amistad Case

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a United States Supreme Court case resulting from the rebellion of slaves on board the Spanish schooner Amistad in 1839.


The rebellion broke out when the schooner, traveling along the coast of Cuba, was taken over by a group of captives who had earlier been kidnapped in Africa and sold into slavery. The Africans were later apprehended on the vessel near Long Island, New York, by the United States Revenue Cutter Service and taken into custody. The ensuing, widely publicized court cases in the United States helped the abolitionist movement.

In 1840, a federal trial court found that the initial transport of the Africans across the Atlantic (which did not involve the Amistad) had been illegal, because the international slave trade had been abolished, and the captives were thus not legally slaves but free. Furthermore, given that they were illegally confined, the Africans were entitled to take whatever legal measures necessary to secure their freedom, including the use of force.

Front 22

Sojourner Truth

Back 22

an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist.