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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define epidemiology
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the study of disease, specifically the spread of disease among populations
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Define and give an example of an infectious disease |
a disease that is caused by a pathogen influenza |
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Define and give an example of a communicable disease
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a disease that is transmissible from one human to another HIV |
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Define and give an example of a contagious disease |
a disease that is easily transmissible to another human mononucleosis |
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What is the difference between the incidence of a disease and the prevalence of the disease?
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The incidence of an outbreak refers to how many new cases have arisen in a specific period of time The prevalence of a disease refers to how many cases have ever occurred |
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What's the difference between morbidity rate and mortality rate?
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Morbidity rate is number of incidences per population of time periodMortality rate is the ratio of the number of people who died of a disease per population of time period
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sporadic
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a disease that occurs only occasionally in a certain geographical area Influenza, Anthrax |
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endemic
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a disease that is always present in a population Streptococci Pneumoniae Staphylococcus Aureus |
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nonendemic
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not always present
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epidemic
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a greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region, usually within a short period of time HIV in the 1980s Swine flu of 2010 |
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pandemic
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a disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously.
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Name three diseases that are currently considered to be pandemics |
Influenza HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Malaria |
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List in order the six components of the chain of infection
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1. a pathogen 2. source of pathogen (host) (reservoir) 3. portal of exit 4. mode of transmission 5. portal of entry 6. susceptible host |
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Identify 3 examples of living reservoirs
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humans animals arthropods |
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Identify 3 examples of nonliving reservoirs
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water soil fomites |
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fomites
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inanimate objects capable of transmitting diseases: doorknobs, faucets, bedding, towels, etc.
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List five modes of infectious disease transmission
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1. direct contact (skin to skin) 2. Mucous membrane to mucous membrane (kissing, sex) 3. Indirect contact via airborne droplets of respiratory secretions, usually produced by sneezing or coughing 4. Indirect contact via food and water contaminated by fecal matter 5. Indirect contact via arthropod vectors 6. Indirect contact via fomites 7. Indirect contact via transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products or by parenteral injection using nonsterile syringes or needles |
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Different types of human carriers:
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Passive carriers – no diseaseIncubatory carriers – spreads during incubation periodConvalescent carriers – spreads during recoveryActive carriers – spreads after complete recovery
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List four examples of potential biological warfare or bioterrorism agents
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Biological warfare agents- Microbes purposely used to harm others in wartime bioterrorism agents- Pathogens used to create fear, chaos, illness, and death in situations other than war - Bacillus anthracis (the cause of anthrax) - Clostridium botulinum (the cause of botulism)- Smallpox virus (Variola major) - Yersinia pestis (the cause of plague) |
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Outline the steps involved in water treatment
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sedimentation- debris settles on the bottom of the tank coagulation- Aluminum potassium sulfate is added to coagulate smaller pieces of debris filtration- water is filtered through sand or diatomaceous earth to remove bacteria, protozoan cysts and oocysts chlorination- chlorine gas or sodium hypochlorite is added to kill remaining bacteria Then do coliform count |
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Explain what is meant by a coliform count and state its importance
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the testing of water in a lab for fecal contamination by checking for the presence of coliforms- bacteria that normally live in the intestinal tracks of animals and humans (E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae) |
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When is water considered potable?
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when it contains 1 coliform or less per 100 mL of water
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Stages of a disease
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1. Incubation 2. Prodromal period 3. Period of Illness 4. Period of decline 5. Period of convalescence |
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Disease transmitted by direct skin to skin contact
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Staph aureus ringworm influenza |
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Disease transmitted by mucous membrane to mucous membrane
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Mononucleosis Chlamydia |
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Disease transmitted by indirect contact from coughing and sneezing
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Tuberculosis, Whooping cough
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Disease transmitted via food and water contaminated by fecal matter
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E. coli, Typhus
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Disease transmitted by arthropod vectors
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Lyme disease Black plague African sleeping sickness Malaria |
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Disease transmitted via fomites
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Hepatitis A
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Disease transmitted via blood transfusion or needle sharing
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HIV, Hepatitis B
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World Health Oranization
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to promote technical cooperation for health among nations; to carry out programs to control and eradicate diseases; and to improve the quality of human life
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Center for Disease Control
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to collaborate to create the expertise, information, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health
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Modes of Anthrax Transmission
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Pulmonary: inhalation of contaminated dust: (Woolsorter's Disease) Gastrointestinal: ingestion Cutaneous: contact with contaminated animal products |
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Epidemiology of Black Plague
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Flea bites human Bacteria infects blood Bacteria grows in lungs Plague meningitis Spreads to others |
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