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60 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Organic agriculture
Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.
Agriculture
The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.
Primary economic activity
Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-----such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture.
Secondary economic activity
Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector.
Tertiary economic activity
Economic activity associated with the provision of services-----such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.
Quaternary economic activity
Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.
Quinary economic activity
Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge of technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.
Plant domestication
Genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention.
Root crop
Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants.
Seed crop
Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.
First Agricultural Revoltion
Around 10,000 B.C., the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication. It is also known as the Neolithic Revolution.
Animal domestication
Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.
Subsistence agriculture
Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade.
Shifting cultivation
Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning.
Slash-and-burn
agriculture See shifting cultivation.
Second Agricultural Revolution
Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce. (Around 1815 to 1880)
Von Thunen model
A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market.
Third Agricultural Revolution
Also called the Green Revolution, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). (Around the 1960s to the present)
Green Revolution
The recently successful development of higher-yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narorwing of the gap between population growth and food need. Also called the third Agricultural Revolution.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods.
Rectangular survey system
Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the U.S. Land Office to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.
Township-and-range-system
A rectanglar land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior. See also rectangular survey system.
Metes and bounds system
A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Montains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the U.S. Land Office abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system.
Long-lot survey system
Distinct regional approach to land suveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.
Primogeniture
System in which the eldest son in a family-----or, in exceptional cases, daughter-----inherits all of a dying parent's land.
Commercial agriculture
Term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology.
Monoculture
Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.
Köppen climate classification system
Developed by Wladimir Köppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation.
Climatic regions
Areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics.
Plantation agriculture
Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, man have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives.
Livestock ranching
The raising of domesticated animals for the prduction of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool.
Medditerranean agriculture
Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails.
Luxury crops
Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.
Agribusiness
General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry.
Food desert
An area characterized by a lack of affordable, fresh and nutritious food.
Cash crops
Crops grown for profit on a mass scale, such as cotton
technopole
...centers or nodes of high tech research and activity around the high-technology corridor
Fordist
...highly organized and specialized system or organizing industrial production and labor. Named after automobile producer Henry Ford, Fordist production features assembly line production of standardized components for mass consumption
growth pole
...a point of economic growth, usually an urban location, benefiting from agglomeration economies, and interacting with surrounding areas spreading wealth from the core to the periphery.
friction of distance
...increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance
Rust Belt
...the post-industrial region of the Northeast and Midwest, referring to its economic decline, population loss, and urban decay due to the shrinking of its once powerful industrial sector.
Sun Belt
...The South and Southwest regions of the U.S. where the climate is warm
least cost theory
...model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration
break-of-bulk theory
...location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, cargoes of ships are unloaded and put on trains and trucks for inland distribution
agglomeration
...process involving the clustering or concentrating of people/activities. often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities
outsourced
...with reference to production, to turn over to a third party in part or in total. Ex: outsource call-center service jobs to India
Deindustrialization
...a phenomenon characterized by a share of total employment falling dramatically in more-developed countries
global division of labor
Phenomenon whereby corporations and others can draw from labor markets around the world
Industrial Revolution
Social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce and manufacturing that resulted from technological innovations and specialization in late-eighteenth-century Europe.
Globalization
The expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact.
Vertical integration
Ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist along a variety of points on a commodity chain
Flexible production system
A system of industrial production characterized by a set of processes in which the components of goods are made in different places around the globe and then brought together as needed to meet consumer demand
Commodifcation
The process through which something is given monetary value
Product life cycle
The introduction, growth, maturation, and decline of a product
Just-in-time delivery
Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production
Spatial fix
The movement of production from one site to another based on the place-based cost advantages of the new site
Offshore
With reference to production, to outsource to a third party located outside of the country. Ex: Ford Motor Company's car parts being made in Mexico
Intermodal connections
Places where two or more modes of transportation meet (including air, road, rail, barge, and ship)
Newly industrializing countries
states that underwent industrialization after World War II and whose economies have grown at a rapid pace
World Trade Organization
(WTO) Organization of 100+ governments who work to promote freer trade among member states