Ch. 11

Front 1

Where do rhythmic neural impulses responsible for ventilation originate

Back 1

The medulla oblongata of the brain stem

Front 2

The dorsal respiratory group contains what type of neurons

Back 2

Inspiratory neurons

Front 3

What type of neurons are involved in the hering-breuer and heads reflex

Back 3

inspiratory neurons

Front 4

What type of neurons are in the ventral respiratory group

Back 4

Intermingled inspiratory and expiratory neurons

Front 5

Where are the ventral respiratory group neurons located

Back 5

Bilaterally in the medulla

Front 6

What nerve transmits impulses from the dorsal respiratory group

Back 6

Vegas and glossopharyngeal

Front 7

inspiratory neurons send motor impulses through the vagus nerve to the

Back 7

Laryngeal and pharyngeal muscle and the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Front 8

Where do expiratory neuron send impulses to

Back 8

Internal intercostals and abdominal expiratory muscles

Front 9

What is the Botzingers complex

Back 9

Inhibits the ventral group inspiratory and dorsal group impulses

Front 10

Where does the inhibitory neurons that switch off the inspiratory ramp arise

Back 10

Pneumotaxic center and pulmonary stretch receptors

Front 11

What are the two respiratory centers in the pons

Back 11

Apneustic and pneumotaxic

Front 12

Where is the apneustic center located

Back 12

The lower pons

Front 13

Where is the pneumotaxic center located

Back 13

The upper pons

Front 14

The Hering Breuer inflation reflex is caused by what type of receptors

Back 14

Slow adapting receptors

Front 15

At what tidal volume is the Hering Breuer reflex activated in adults

Back 15

Greater than or equal to 800 to 1000 milliliters

Front 16

What does the herring Breuer reflex regulate during strenuous exercise

Back 16

Respiratory rate and depth

Front 17

What type of receptors are responsible for the head paradoxical reflex

Back 17

Rapidly acting receptors

Front 18

What reflex may be involved in stimulating a newborn's first breath

Back 18

Heads reflex

Front 19

What do a irritant receptors cause when stimulated

Back 19

Bronchoconstriction coughing sneezing tachypnea narrowing of the glottis

Front 20

What conditions stimulates J receptors

Back 20

Pneumonia congestive heart failure and edema

Front 21

J receptor stimulation causes what

Back 21

Rapid shallow breathing dyspnea expiratory narrowing of the glottis

Front 22

What receptors are responsible for grunting in the newborn

Back 22

J receptors

Front 23

Where are peripheral proprioceptors found

Back 23

Muscles tendons joints pain receptors in muscles and skin

Front 24

Increased inspiratory activity and hyperpnea are caused by what receptors

Back 24

Peripheral proprioceptors

Front 25

How can ventilation be stimulated in patients with respiratory depression

Back 25

slapping skin moving limbs in cold water on the skin

Front 26

Where are muscle spindles located

Back 26

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Front 27

What stimulates chemo receptors

Back 27

Increased hydrogen ion in the blood

Front 28

Central chemoreceptors are responsive to what

Back 28

Co2

Front 29

What fluid are the central chemoreceptors found in

Back 29

Cerebral spinal

Front 30

What type of membrane is the blood brain barrier

Back 30

Semi permeable

Front 31

The blood brain barrier readily allows what's inside

Back 31

Co2

Front 32

What happens to hydrogen ions when co2 is diffused into the cerebrospinal fluid

Back 32

It increases

Front 33

The diffusion of co2 for the blood brain barrier has what effect on alveolar ventilation

Back 33

It increases 2 to 3 liters per minute for each mmHg increase in PaCO2

Front 34

What effect does oxygen have on the medullary chemoreceptors

Back 34

no effect

Front 35

Where can you find the peripheral chemoreceptors

Back 35

Carotid arteries and aortic arch

Front 36

Which location has more peripheral receptors

Back 36

Carotid

Front 37

When does arterial hypoxemia stimulate ventilation

Back 37

When the PA 02 decreases to below 60 millimeters of mercury

Front 38

The peripheral chemoreceptors are responsible for how much ventilatory response to hypercapnia

Back 38

20 to 30 percent

Front 39

Peripheral chemoreceptors respond how many times faster than central chemoreceptors to fixed acid induced rise in arterial hydrogen ions

Back 39

5 times faster

Front 40

What breathing pattern occurs when cardiac output is low as in congestive heart failure

Back 40

Cheyne-Stokes

Front 41

A breathing pattern with a gradual increase and decrease in respiratory rate and tidal volume into complete apnea

Back 41

Cheyne Stoke

Front 42

Lesions of the pons facilitates what type of breathing

Back 42

Biots breathing

Front 43

In apneustic breathing where is the damage responsible

Back 43

The pons

Front 44

What is the cause to central reflex hyperpnea

Back 44

Damage to mid brain to upper pons by head trauma lack of blood flow to the brain

Front 45

Hypopnea due to head trauma has what type of ventilatory stimuli

Back 45

Non responsive

Front 46

Mechanical hyperventilation in traumatic brain injuries reduces what

Back 46

Paco 2 cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure

Front 47

Intracranial pressure decreases by how much when cerebral blood volume is reduced by .05 to .07 mL

Back 47

1 mmHg

Front 48

Forevery one millimeter of mercury reduction in Pa CO 2 how much reduction is there in cerebral blood flow when Pa CO 2 is between 20 and 60

Back 48

3 percent

Front 49

What type of central reflex disorder causes continuously deep breathing by abnormal neural stimuli

Back 49

Hyperpnea