Ch 10 Special Establishing Operations

Front 1

Pain-established aggression

Back 1

Animals (including humans) will aggress against other animals or objects when they receive painful stimuli

Front 2

Aggression Reinforcer

Back 2

Stimuli resulting from acts of aggression

Front 3

The aggression principle

Back 3

-Aversive stimuli and extinction are establishing operations
-for aggression reinforcers

Front 4

What are the stimuli resulting from acts of aggression?

Back 4

Stimulation such as pressure on teeth and gums, pressure on fists, etc. that results from violent physical acts

Front 5

If the physical stimulation is so reinforcing, why don't we aggress all the time?

Back 5

Because the establishing operation (in this case, the presentation of aversive stimulation or extinction) is missing

Front 6

Establishing Operation

Back 6

-A procedure or condition that affects learning and performance
-with respect to a particular reinforcer or aversive condition

Front 7

What about verbal aggression; what are the aggressive reinforcers there?

Back 7

No one knows

Front 8

Are metaphorical analyses of aggression helpful?

Back 8

No; sayings like "letting off steam" etc tend to encourage aggression in harmful ways

No evidence that aggression has a mental health benefit to the aggressor

Front 9

What are the reasons given for drug addiction?

Back 9

-Escape from pain
-Escape from poverty
-Escape from withdrawal
-The pure pleasure of drugs

Front 10

Escape from Pain

Back 10

First contingency:
--Before: Patient has pain
--Behavior: Patient pushes button
--After: Patient has less pain

Second:
--Before: Patient has no morphine injection
--E.O.: Patient suffers from pain.
Behavior: Patient pushes button.
After: Patient has morphine injection

Front 11

Do behavior analysts generally label people?

Back 11

No. If you label, you tend to fall back on so-called spiritual or genetic causes of behavior.

Behavioral analytic approach works to find the causes in the behavioral contingencies, rather than in the person.

Front 12

Addictive Reinforcer

Back 12

-A reinforcer for which
-repeated exposure
-is an establishing operation

Front 13

Is aggression behavior learned?

Back 13

All of us learn aggressive behavior because that behavior produces aggression reinforcers.

Front 14

Are aggression reinforcers learned or unlearned reinforcers?

Back 14

Unlearned

Front 15

Is aggression a learned response?

Back 15

Yes

Front 16

What's the value of aggression?

Back 16

-Aggressive behavior kept other animals from taking food away from our ancestors

-Ancestors more likely to survive if a painful attack produced aversive stimulation, which acted as an EO to support aggressive behavior

Front 17

Why isn't success in battle enough of a reinforcer?

Back 17

Learning aggressive behavior simply because such behavior allowed escape from painful stimuli of an attack would have taught us too slowly.

Front 18

Historically, and currently, many explanations of behavior have been nonobservable agents and; therefore, these supposed causes of behavior are not [blank]

Back 18

testable.

Front 19

Some common terms to explain motivation behind behavior are: needs, desires, wishes, urges, forces, motives, etc. It is not possible to see these "causes". This means that they are not [blank]

Back 19

observable.

Front 20

In everyday "person in the street" psychology, in order to do something an organism must have the [blank] and the [blank] to do it.

Back 20

"knowledge"
"motivation"

Front 21

The two most commonly talked about motivative variables are [blank] and [blank].

Back 21

satiation
deprivation

Front 22

The topic of [blank] has generally been receiving less coverage in recent behavioral texts than it had in earlier books in the field of behavior analysis.

Back 22

motivation

Front 23

The concepts of deprivation and satiation best address the reinforcer value of [blank] reinforcers (reinforcement by the presentation of a stimulus).

Back 23

Positive

Front 24

The [blank] of a loose screw cannot be seen as deprivation (ie. the period of deprivation has stayed the same)

Back 24

presence

Front 25

To some, these and other questions have demonstrated a need for a more comprehensive concept than [blank] and [blank] to account for "motivating variables."

Back 25

deprivation
satiation

Front 26

Behavior analysts use the term [blank blank] to talk about the topic of motivation.

Back 26

Establishing operation (EO)

Front 27

An EO is a procedure which can be defined in terms of two effects which alter the sensitivity of an organism's behavior to:

Back 27

-reinforcement or punishment by particular reinforcers or aversive conditions
-evocation or suppression by associated discriminative stimuli

Front 28

"Sensitivity" refers to the likelihood that the organism's [blank] will be affected by certain environmental stimuli.

Back 28

behavior

Front 29

If an organism's rate of behavior has become more likely to be affected by a particular stimulus, another way of saying this is that the behavior has become more [blank] to that stimulus.

Back 29

sensitive

Front 30

The first defining effect of an EO is to establish the sensitivity of an organism's behavior to [blank] or [blank] by certain consequences.

Back 30

reinforcement or punishment

Front 31

EOs alter the sensitivity of a behavior to [blank] or [blank] by discriminative stimuli associated with that behavior.

Back 31

evocation or suppression

Front 32

Name the two effects EO's have on an organism's behavior which defines them as EO's.

Back 32

1. reinforcer-establishing effect
2. evocative effect

Front 33

The reinforcer-establishing effect is that EO's momentarily alter the [blank/blank] effectiveness of other stimulus events.

Back 33

reinforcing/punishing

Front 34

The evocative effect of EO's is a momentary change in the [blank] of occurrence of behaviors which have been consequated by events related to that particular EO

Back 34

frequency

Front 35

The increase in the frequency of the behavior (asking for a pipe wrench) is an example of the [blank] effect of EO's.

Back 35

evocative

Front 36

If a rat is allowed to eat freely (EO), there is a temporary decrease in the reinforcer effectiveness of the food. The [blank] effect of EO's is being discussed in this situation.

Back 36

reinforcer-establishing

Front 37

The difference between establishing operations and discriminative stimuli can be seen as the difference between [blank] and [blank].

Back 37

Discriminative stimuli: availability

EO: effectiveness

Front 38

If the effectiveness of a reinforcer is altered by a stimulus, that stimulus is acting as an [blank]

Back 38

establishing operation.

Front 39

If a rat in a Skinner box only receives food when a light is on and he presses the lever, the light is function as a [blank]

Back 39

discriminative stimulus

Front 40

If a rat is deprived of food and placed in a box where it can freely eat if it presses the lever, it will press it often. Food deprivation is acting as an [blank] in this situation.

Back 40

establishing operation

Front 41

To "want" something is to have an increase in the momentary [blank] of the behavior(s) which have typically obtained whatever is "wanted."

Back 41

frequency

Front 42

The effectiveness of reinforcement is observed [.........] as related to a "want"; therefore, it is inappropriate to use the reinforcer-establishing effect of EOs to explain "wants"

Back 42

in the future

Front 43

When a person observes a "want", they are actually observing an increase in [blank] that has, in the past been followed by a particular stimulus.

Back 43

behavior

Front 44

The cognitive term "want" can most effectively be explained in the behavioral approach by the [blank] effect of the EO.

Back 44

evocative

Front 45

The term unconditioned establishing operation (UEO) refers to [blank] reinforcer-establishing effects.

Back 45

unlearned

Front 46

If an establishing operation is effective without [blank] it is considered an unlearned establishing operation.

Back 46

pairing

Front 47

The [blank] effect of an establishing operation must be unlearned for it to be categorized as a UEO.

Back 47

reinforcer-establishing

Front 48

Neutral stimuli can be paired with [blank blank] or [blank/blank] to become conditioned establishing operations (CEO's)

Back 48

establishing operations
reinforcers/punishers

Front 49

As with conditioned reinforcers, CEO's are previously [blank] stimuli.

Back 49

neutral

Front 50

In the previously mentioned example of a rat being deprived of food, food deprivation would be an [blank] establishing operation.

Back 50

unconditioned

Front 51

The buzzer in a Skinner box is functioning as a [blank] EO.

Back 51

Conditioned