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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Importance of Infant Reflexes |
-4 months of prenatal life and the 4 months after birth -reflexes occur subcortically (below the level of the higher brain centers |
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Infant vs. Lifespan Reflexes |
-most infant reflexes do not last beyond the first year -if they do, they often impeded expected development patterns and can be an indicator of early motor abnormality |
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Lifespan Reflexes |
reflexes that endure -knee-jerk reflex -flexor-withdrawal reflex (hot or sharp object) |
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Infant Reflexes |
primitive reflexes -asymmetric tonic neck reflex -symmetric tonic neck reflex -moro reflexes |
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Primitive reflexes importance |
-protection -nutrition -sucking reflex -rooting reflex -survival |
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Postural Reflexes |
provide automatic movement that is "practiced for future voluntary movement |
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Walking reflex |
these reflexes disappear when voluntary behavior surfaces |
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Why study Reflexes |
-so much activity 4 months pre and post birth that infants are called reflex machines -primative reflexes are critical for human survival -diagnosing infant health and neurological concerns |
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Reflexes as Diagnostic Tool |
-can help determine the level of neurological maturation |
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Moro Reflex |
may signify a cerebral birth injury if lacking or asymmetrical (appearing more forcefully on one side) |
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Asymmetric tonic neck reflex |
-persistence past the normal time of disappearence may indicate cerebral palsy or other neurological problem |
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Milani Comparetti Neuromotor Development Examination |
measures several infant reflexes from birth to 24 months |
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Primitive Reflex Profile |
Quantification of the level of presence or strength of primitive reflexes -degree of presence is measured on a scale of 0-4. |
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Pinpointing the number of infant reflexes |
-different terminologies used for same reflex by experts -rooting reflex=search reflex -reflexes are often poorly defined -palmar grasp (2 fingers, shoulder muscles) -New ones being categorized all the time -elbow reflex: press abdomen=elbows adduct, followed by extension of arm and swing of hand over abdomen |
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Palmar Grasp |
one of the most noticeable reflexes to emerge -endures through the 4th month -Leads to voluntary reaching and grasping -Non-existence may indicate neurological disorder, especially spasticity. |
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Sucking |
occurs pre-and postnatal stimulated by touching lips -needed for obtaining food- "failure to thrive" |
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Search/Rooting/Cardinal |
-helps the baby locate nourishment -baby turns head toward the food -contributes to head-and body-righting reflexes -Absence may indicate injury in facial nerve or muscles on one side stimulus=touching cheek |
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Moro Reflex |
-stimuli that induces the startle reflex -precedes the startle reflex and causes the arms and legs to extend immediately rather than flex -birth to 4-6months -one of the most useful in diagnosing infant's neurological maturation -can alert to a neurological dysfunction and later maybe a sensorimotor deficit |
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Startle |
-similar to moro reflex -may not appear until 2-3 months after moro disappears -rapid change of head position or by striking the surface that supports the baby |
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Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex |
-extension on one side-flexion on the other side -difficult to detect in primature infants -facilitates development of body awareness |
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Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex |
-limbs respond symmetrically -its persistence may impede other motor milestones -leads to voluntary head raising, reaching/grasping, unsupported sitting |
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Plantar Grasp |
-the toes appear to be grasping -stimulus is touching the ball of the foot -this reflex must disappear before the baby can stand or walk |
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Palmar Mandibular Reflex |
-makes eyes close, mouth open and head turn forward -also called Babkin Reflex -stimulated with pressure on both palms |
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Palmar Mental Reflex |
-elicits a facial response when the base of the palm is scratched -lower jaw opens and closes (primitive reflexes may re-appear as we age, and can be used as a diagnostic tool |
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Crawling |
-believed to be essential to the voluntary creeping movement -observed from birth to 3-4 months |
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Postural Reflexes |
-swimming motion when infants are held horizontal -reasons for early swim programs -may not result in infants learning better or faster |
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Head-and-body Righting |
-the head "rights" itself with the body when the body is turned to one side -precursor to rolling movements -body righting may not be evident before month 5 |
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Labyrinthine |
-this reflex endures throughout most of the first year -related to upright posture -head tilts in the opposite direction of body tilt |
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Stereotypes |
-another form of movement observable during infancy -characterized by patterned, rhythmical, stereotyped, highly intrinsic, and involuntary movements of the body (not based on stimulation) -believed to precede more complex voluntary movements (perhaps "partial" movements) |
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Ester Thalen |
1979 studied stereotypes -they're intrinsic -link between their movement and later movements (don't know stimuli yet) -they serve no purpose -grouped stereotypes by body region such as; legs, feet, hands, arms, fingers, torso, head, and face |
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Common stereotypes |
extension, flexion, rotation -single leg kick, two-leg kick, and alternate leg kick (precedes voluntary use of legs) Rubbing feet together, arm wave, arm wave with object, arm banging against a surface, finger flexion (precedes voluntary attempts at grasping) |