Ch. 10 Cns

Front 1

BBB

Back 1

Exchange of 02, glucose, & others btwn blood & cells in the CNS
cross the walls of capillaries

Front 2

capillaries

Back 2

smallest blood vessels

Front 3

capillary walls

Back 3

composed of a single layer of endothelial cells, which provides a short diffusion distance for exchange.

gases, inorganic ions, monosaccrides

Front 4

Hydrophobic molecules

Back 4

__________ __________ diffuse acrosss the membrane of the endothelial cells.

Front 5

Hydrophilic molecules

Back 5

_________ _________ diffuse through large pores (gaps) btwn endothelial cells.

Front 6

actively transported

Back 6

Cells & large molecules (protein) are TOO large to diffuse through gaps. Instead, they must be ________ ___________ across endothelial cells through transcytosis.

Front 7

transcytosis

Back 7

movement of a molecule across an endothelial cell by endocytosis into the cell followed by exocytosis out of the cell.

Front 8

hydrophilic
hydrophobic

Back 8

In CNS, no transcytosis can occur, and __________ molecules cross cap. walls are restricted by BBB. It allows ___________ molecules through.

Front 9

BBB

Back 9

a physical barrier that exists btwn blood & CSF

Front 10

CSF

Back 10

a fluid in the CNS

Front 11

BBB

Back 11

physical barrier that exists btwn blood & CSF
due to presence of tight junctions btwn capillary endothelial cells

eliminates cap. pores & restrict the diffusion of hydrophobic molecules btwn cells.
Astrocytes
protects CNS from harmful substances that are in the blood.
molecules must cross the endothelial cells themselves
hydrophilic substances
selectively permeable

Front 12

Astrocytes

Back 12

stimulate endothelial cells to develop & maintain tight junctions by unknown mechanisms.

Front 13

choline & aspirin

Back 13

What 2 hydrophilic molecules CAN diffuse through the BBB?

Front 14

inorganic ions

Back 14

Because these are transport proteins, they CAN NOT penetrate the BBB.

Front 15

permeability

Back 15

_________ of BBB is the main contrast btwn the CSF & plasma.

Front 16

Spinal Tap

Back 16

a procedure that adequately diagnoses diseases of the CNS.

Front 17

brain

Back 17

forebrain
cerebellum
brainstem

Front 18

forebrain

Back 18

the largest & most sup. part of the brain, divided into lft. and rgt. halves (hemispheres) & consists of cerebrum & diencephalon.

Front 19

cerebellum

Back 19

large
C-shaped structure
gray & white matter
gray matter includes cerebral cortex @ surface & deep subcortical nuclei.

Front 20

Diencephalon

Back 20

thalamus & hypothalamus
midline structures near base of forebrain contain multiple small nuclei.

Front 21

cerebellum

Back 21

"little brain"
bilaterally symmetrical structure w/an outer cortex & inner nuclei similar to the forebrain
Inf. to forebrain
Dorsal to brainstem
Motor coordination & balance, and provides feedback to motor systems to smooth movement of eye & body.

Front 22

Brainstem

Back 22

caudalmost part of brain
connects to forebrain & cerebellum to spinal cord
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
contain nuclei
processing centers for 10/12 pairs of cranial nerves
reticular formation
reg. of many involuntary functions controlled by the ANS

Front 23

Midbrain

Back 23

rostral & connects to forebrain

Front 24

Pons

Back 24

Mid-portion
connects to cerebellum

Front 25

Medulla Oblongata

Back 25

caudal portion & connects to spinal cord

Front 26

Cerebral Cortex

Back 26

outmost portion of cerebrum
high convoluted layer of gray matter
grooves or sulcus's
ridges or gyri
most advanced area of brain
1 billion neurons & 1 trillion synapses
6 functional layers
highest level of neural processing
acts as an intergrating center
receives sensory input from diff. origins, consolidates this info, and formulates thoughts & actions.
perceives environment, formulate ideas, experience emotions, recall past events, & command our body movements.

Front 27

Reticular formation

Back 27

a diffuse network of nuclei important in sleep-wake cycles, arousal of cerebral cortex, and consiousness.

Front 28

Frontal lobe

Back 28

ant. part of brain

Front 29

Parietal lobe

Back 29

post. part of brain

Front 30

central sulcus

Back 30

The frontal and parietal lobes are divided by a _______ _______.

Front 31

Occipital lobe

Back 31

Post. and Inf. to parietal lobe
visual cortex
it processes visual info

Front 32

Temporal lobe

Back 32

Inf. to parietal & frontal lobes
auditory cortex
functions in hearing

Front 33

lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure)

Back 33

The occipital and temporal lobe are separated by a groove called ________ ______.

Front 34

Parietal lobe

Back 34

primary somatosensory cortex

Front 35

primary somatosensory cortex

Back 35

processes somatic sensory info associated w/both surface sensations such as touch, itch, temp. & pain awareness of muscle tensions & joint & limb positions (proprioception)

Front 36

Frontal lobe

Back 36

primary motor cortex
contains area involved in language and planning
establishment of personality

Front 37

primary motor cortex

Back 37

initiates voluntary movement, and other areas involved in motor control.

Front 38

cerebral cortex function

Back 38

topography
somatopic organization
motor homunculus
sensory homunculus
association areas

Front 39

topography

Back 39

meaning areas of the cerebral cortex can be mapped according to their function.

Front 40

Brain lateralization

Back 40

Certain brain function are dominant on one side of the brain relative to the other, an organization called _______ ______________.
not absolute

Front 41

motor homunculus

Back 41

map that indicates which areas of the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe are devoted to particular regions of the body.

Front 42

sensory homunculus

Back 42

map that indicates wich areas of the primary somatosensory cortex are devoted to particular regions of the body.

Front 43

association areas

Back 43

areas of the cerebral cortex involved in complex processing that requires integrating different types of info.

Front 44

right brained

Back 44

associated w/movement of the left side of the body
sensory perception of stimuli to the left side of the body.
spatial orientation
creativity
music
dream imagery
philosophy
intuition

Front 45

left brained

Back 45

associated w/ movement of the right side of the body
sensory perception of stimuli to the right side of the body
logic and analytical processing, strong language capabilities, and math skills

Front 46

split brain

Back 46

patient who had their corpus collosum cut in their brain as a treatment for epilepsy so that that the left and right sides of the brain are separated.

Front 47

subcortical nuclei

Back 47

regions of gray matter located within the cerebrum.
basal nuclei
caudate nucleus
globus pallidus
putamen

Front 48

basal nuclei

Back 48

notable for their role in modifying movement
found in subcortical nuclei.

Front 49

Diencephalon

Back 49

lies inf. to the cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus

Front 50

thalamus

Back 50

a cluster of nuclei
sensory info follows a pathway which goes through the _________ to the cerebral cortex. (except smell)
sensory input is filtered through the _________ before transmitted to the cortex.
important in directing attention (mom and crying baby instead of airplane)
big role in controlling movement.

Front 51

hypothalamus

Back 51

inf. to the thalamus
regulates homeostasis
link btwn communication of the endocrine and nervous systems.
neural or hormone input sends a signals to release tropic hormones that reg. the ant. pit. hormones.
also controls the release of post. pit. hormones

Front 52

hypothalamus

Back 52

contains satiety and hunger centers
reg. eating behaviors
the thirst center
part of the limbic system
responses exert through actions of ANS.
direct and indirect inputs to ANS
reg. body temp
generates and regulates the circadian rhythm.

Front 53

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Back 53

The ______________ ________ of the hypothalamus generates and regulates the circadian rhythm, endogenous fluctuations in body functions that occur on a 24 hour cycle.

Front 54

limbic system

Back 54

a diverse collection of closely associated cortical regions, subcortical nuclei, and tracts in the forebrain that function in learning emotions.
amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex
portions of thalamus and hypothalamus
"primative" areas of the brain

Front 55

amygdala

Back 55

one of the oldest regions of the brain
involved in memory and emotions, esp. fear.

Front 56

hippocampus

Back 56

involved in learning and memory

Front 57

CNS

Back 57

Most tasks carried out by the ___ require the coordination action of many different areas working together.

Front 58

reflex arcs

Back 58

The receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, and effector involved in a particular reflex; interneurons may be present, depending on the reflex considered.

Front 59

reflex

Back 59

A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus.

Front 60

spinal reflex

Back 60

the highest level of integration occurs in the spinal cord

What reflex?

Front 61

cranial reflex

Back 61

require participation by the brain

What reflex?

Front 62

somatic reflex

Back 62

involve signals sent via somatic neurons to skeletal muscle

What reflex?

Front 63

autonomic reflex

Back 63

visceral
involve signals sent via autonomic neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands.

What reflex?

Front 64

innate reflex

Back 64

inborn

What reflex?

Front 65

conditioned reflex

Back 65

learned

What reflex?

Front 66

monosynaptic reflex

Back 66

the neural pathway consists of only 2 neurons and a single synapse

What reflex?

Front 67

polysynaptic reflex

Back 67

contain more than 2 neurons and multiple synapses

What reflex?

Front 68

salvation reflex

Back 68

founded by Ivan Povlov
a conditioned reflex

Front 69

reflex arc

Back 69

1. stimulus
2. Sensory receptor
3. Afferent neuron
4. Integration center (CNS)
5. Efferent neuron
6. Effector organ (muscle, gland)
7. response

Front 70

muscle spindle stretch reflex

Back 70

monosynaptic reflex in response to stretch of the muscle
(knee-jerk)

Front 71

withdrawl reflex

Back 71

when body is subjected to painful stimuli, it withdraws fro the stimulus automatically via when a person steps on a tack.

Front 72

nocireceptors

Back 72

Stepping on a tack is perceived as painful because it activates special sensory receptors called ____________, which respond to intense stimuli that are damaging to tissue.

Front 73

afferent

Back 73

_________ neurons from nocireceptors transmit info to the spinal cord, where they have excitatory synapses on interneurons.

Front 74

cross-extensor reflex

Back 74

When a painful stumulus triggers the withdrawl reflex, another reflex is initiated simultaneously.

reflex extension of a limb when anoxious stimulus is applied to the limb on the other side of the body.

Front 75

somatic spinal reflexes

Back 75

The stretch reflex and withdrawl are examples of _________ _______ reflexes.

Front 76

pupillary light reflex

Back 76

autonomic cranial reflex
the stimulus is the light entering one eye and activating photoreceptors.

Photoreceptors activate afferent neurons transmit signals to midbrain of the brainstem (integrating center).

Efferent neurons are activated and innervate the smooth muscle surrounding the pupil of both eyes.

The pupil constricts.

Front 77

Cerebellum in motor coordination

Back 77

"guidance system" for movement
compares actual movements with the plans from the cortex

makes corrections in the force and direction of movement whenever it detects a discrepency.

maintains muscle tones

store memories of motor activities

Front 78

cerebellum activity

Back 78

must receive info from cortex of planned movements

continually updated how motions are actually being carried out.

receive input from sensorimotor areas of cortex, the basal nuclei, the brainstem, and spinal cord.

Sends signals back to the cortex (via thalamus) so cortex can adjust it output to complete planned movement.

Front 79

intention tremor

Back 79

a sometimes violent shaking motion that occurs only when a person makes a voluntary movement.

Front 80

emotions

Back 80

highly subjective
cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus
triggered by sensory input or memories
amygdala (fear & anxiety)
hypothalamus (anger & agression)

Front 81

"emotional response"

Back 81

autonomic (heart rate, digestion)
motor
hormonal changes

Front 82

Motivations

Back 82

impulse that drives our actions
can be physiological
driven by emotions action in the absense of any obvious physiological drives.

Front 83

Pleasure

Back 83

In brain, there are "pleasure centers"
To satisfy the body, alcohol, opoiods, amphetamines, or nicotine stimulates euphoria and acts on pleasure centers.
addiction
dopaminergic systems

Front 84

Associative learning

Back 84

type of learning that requires making connections btwn 2 or more stimuli

Front 85

Nonassociative learning

Back 85

repitition of a single stimulus and includes the processes of habituation and sensitization.

Front 86

Habituation

Back 86

a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus

(hammering and studying)

Front 87

Sensitization

Back 87

an increase in response to repeated stimulus.

(eating something yucky and having to eat all of it)

Front 88

Procedural memory

Back 88

the memory of learned motor skills and behaviors.

It's like riding a bike, you never forget

cerebellum, basal nuclei, and pons.

Front 89

Declarative memory

Back 89

the memory of learned experiences, such as facts and events and other things that can be stated verbally.

ability to remember and explain what generates action potentials is an example

Front 90

Short term memory

Back 90

temporary storage lasting only a few seconds or up to a few hours

limited space is avaible

memory will be lost if it is not consolidated into long term memory.

Front 91

long term memory

Back 91

can last years or a lifetime.

repitition appears to help

consolidation is not well understood, but is important

Front 92

plasticity

Back 92

the limited ability to alter its anatomy and function in response to changes in its activity patterns.

function of existing synapses can be altered for long periods of time (hours to days)

new synaptic connections can develop.

new neurons are produced in areas that involve memories.

long term potentiation

Front 93

long term potentiation

Back 93

1st discovered in the hippocampus of the brain

repetitive stimulation of a particular synapse enevytrally leads to an increase in the strangth of that synaptic connection; that is, repetition increases the likelihood that synaptic input will be able to trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic cell.

Front 94

long term potentiation

Back 94

increase in synaptic strength because of the EPSPs generated in the postsynaptic cell.

synaptic strength due to sensitivity to the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic cell w/ each action potential

impotant in the consolidation of long-term memory