Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the pH of blood?
|
slightly alkaline (pH 7.4)
|
|
|
What % of body weight does blood account for?
|
7%
|
|
|
What is the volume of blood in an average adult?
|
5 Liters
|
|
|
What composes blood? (4)
|
It is a connective tissue composed of:
RBCs WBCs Platelets Plasma: extracellular matrix |
|
|
What are the primary functions of blood? (6)
|
- Convey nutrients from GI to cells of body
- Deliver waste products to organs for elimination. - Deliver other metabolites, cellular products (hormones etc), and electrolytes via blood stream to final destinations. - Regulate body temp - Maintain acid-base and osmotic balance of body fluids - Pathway for WBCs to connective tissue compartments |
|
|
What layers are formed when blood is centrifuged? (Give % of each)
|
44% = hematocrit (RBCs)
1% = buffy coat (WBCs + platelets) 55% = fluid plasma/supernatant on top |
|
|
What staining procedure is now used to see the characterisitics of cells? What colors mean what?
|
Wright or Giemsa modifications of Romanovsky (methylene blue + eosin)
- Methylene blue: stains acididic cellular components - Eosin: stains alkaline stuff pink |
|
|
Azure
|
substance formed when methylene blue = oxidized. Stains reddish blue.
|
|
|
What is plasma and what are its components?
|
yellowish fluid in which cells, platelelts, org compounds, and electrolytes are suspended and/or dissolved.
components: 90% H2O 9% proteins 1% inorganic salts, ions, nitrogenous compounds, nutrients, gasses |
|
|
Serum
|
Straw-colored fluid that remains when org and inorg stuff leaves plasma.
|
|
|
Extracellular fluid
|
fluid component of blood that enters connective tissue spaces.
composition: electrolytes small molecules (similar to plasma) very low [proteins] b/c difficult for proteins to traverse endothelial lining of capillary |
|
|
What protein chiefly establishes the blood's colloid osmotic pressure?
|
albumin
|
|
|
What constitutes "formed elements" ?
|
RBCs, WBCs, platelets
|
|
|
Erythrocyte (RBC)
|
smallest and most numerous cels of blood
have no nuclei responsible for O2 + CO2 transport to and from tissue of body |
|
|
What is the shape of an erythrocyte?
|
Biconcave disk half as thick at center as outside - provides large surface area good for gas exchange.
|
|
|
Do mature RBCs have nuclei?
|
No, immature ones (precursor cells) do, but the nuclei and organells are dispelled before they enter circulation (mature).
|
|
|
What color do RBCs stain when stained with Giemsa or Wrigeth stain?
|
salmon pink
|
|
|
What enzyme within RBCs facilitates this rxn: CO2 + H2O -> Carbonic acid -> bicarbonate (HCO3-)
|
carbonic anhydrase
|
|
|
What protein allows HCO3- to cross RBC cell membrane and what is the exchange called?
|
Band 3 via chloride shift (exchage INtracell HCO3- for EXtracell chloride)
|
|
|
Via what pathway does the RBC produce ATP?
|
Glycolytic Pathway
|
|
|
Which has more/less RBCs?
Men vs Women High vs Low altitudes |
High RBC - Men (5 x10^6/vol) + Hight altitudes
|
|
|
What is avg lifespan of an erythrocyte?
What happens when end of life approaches? |
120 days (3 months)
RBC displays oligosaccharide on surface that signals macrophages of spleen, bonemarrow, and liver to destroy it! |
|
|
Albumin (source, function)
|
Liver
maintain colloid osmotic pressure + transport certain insoluble metabolites |
|
|
Globulins (source, function)
- alpha + beta - gamma |
alpha + beta = liver, transport of metal ions, protein-bound lipids + lipid soluble vitamins
gamma = plasma cells, antibodies of immune defense |
|
|
Complement proteins C1-C9 (source, function)
|
liver
destruction microorgs + initiation of inflammation |
|
|
Clotting proteins (what are they, source, function)
|
prothrombin, fibrinogen, accelerator globulin
liver formation of fibrin threads |
|
|
Plasma lipoproteins (source, function)
Chylomicrons VLDL LDL |
Chylomicrons: intestinal epithelial cells, transport of triglycerides to liver
VLDL: liver, transport triglycerides from liver to body cells LDL: liver, transport cholesterol from liver to body cells |
|
|
What is hemoglobin made out of? Bonds?
|
four polypeptide chains (tetrameric), covalently bound to heme group
|
|
|
Heme pocket
|
hydrophobic depression for heme that protects it from being oxidized, but allows binding to O2 to it.
|
|
|
Relaxed [(R-) Hb] vs Taut [(T-) Hb] Hemoglobin
|
Relaxed: O2 bound and can be easily released, less ionic and H bonds btw chains, more movement.
Taut: O2 dissociated (deoxyhemoglobin), 2,3-diphosphoglcerate attaches to O2 space. Greater number of ionic and H bonds btw chains, less movement |
|
|
Oxyhemoglobin vs. Carbaminohemoglobin
|
Hemoglobin carrying O2
Carrying CO2 |
|
|
When does Hemoglobin release/pick up O2/CO2
|
In hypoxic environments, O2 = released and CO2 is bound.
In hyperoxic enivros CO2 is released and O2 is bound. |
|
|
Why is CO poisonous?
|
It binds with higher affinity to heme > relaxed state > increasing aff for O2 > O2 does not get released in hypoxic tissues.
|
|
|
What polypeptide chainsis HbF (fetal) composed of?
|
2 alpha
2 gamma replaced shortly after birth by HbA |
|
|
What polypeptide chainsis HbA1 and rare HbA2 (adult) composed of?
What are relative percentages in adult? |
HBA1 = 2 alpha + 2 beta (96%)
HBA2 = 2 alpha + 2 delta (2%) HBF (2%) |
|
|
Mechanism of thalassemia.
Beta-thalassemia |
decreased synth of one or more hemoglobin chains
Beta = beta chain synth is impaired (most prevalent in mediterraneans) HbA is missing and HbF levels are high after birth. |
|
|
Mechanism behind Sickle Cell anemia
|
point mutation at singlt locus of beta-chain (val instead of glutamate) > HbS
low O2 tension > HbS changes to less flexible and short lived crescent shape RBC |
|
|
What is the RBC plasma membrane made of?
|
lipid bilayer
50% protein (mostly trans membrane like Glycophorin A, ion channes, band 3, ankyrin band 4.1, hemoglobin, glycolytic enzymes) 40% lipids 10% carbs |
|
|
What are the peripheral proteins of the RBC cell membrane?
|
band 4.1 - anchoring site for spectrin, band 3+ glycophorins
spectrin ankyrin actin |
|
|
Composition of RBC cytoskeleton?
|
hexagonal lattice made of spectrin teramers, actin and adducin
|
|
|
Why are RBCs so flexible/pliable?
|
the cell membrane and underlying cytoskeleton
|
|
|
Hereditary spherocytosis
|
caused by synth of abnormal spectrin that defectively binds to band 4.1
cells = more fragile, transport less O2, destroyed in spleen > anemia |
|
|
What happens to RBCs that are defficient in glycophorin C
|
shape becomes elliptocytic
unstable, fragile cells, less capable of deformation |
|
|
What causes erythroblastosis fetalis?
How to prevent it? |
When Rh- preggers woman has Rh+ baby > takes in some Rh+ blood forming anti-Rh antibodies > next Rh+ baby in danger of being attacked > erythroblastosis fetalis.
Prevent by treating mom with Rh0 (D) immune globin (RhoGAM) before or just after birth of first Rh+ baby. |
|
|
What are the 2 categories of WBCs?
|
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) - have granules in cytoplasm
Agranulocytes (Lymphocytes, monocytes) - no granules |
|
|
Neutrophil
|
majority of WBC population (60-70%), avid phagocytes, destroy bacteria that invade connective tissue
aka polymorphonuclear leukocytes connected to each other via sledner chromatin threads female nucleus has "drumstick" with second inactive "X" chromosome aka Bar Body |
|
|
Neutrophil granules
|
small specific - oblong, contain pharmacological agents
azurophilic - larger, lysozomes, contain acid hydrolases, myelopreroxidase, lysozyme, BPI protein, cathepsin G, elastase, non specific collegenase tertiary - contain gelatinase and cathepsins + glycoproteins in plasmalemma. |
|
|
What are the functions of Neutrophils?
|
phagocytose + destroy bacteria by using the contents of the granules
aka microphages |
|
|
Neutrophil attack mechanism
|
enter postcapillary venule in region of inflammation > adhere to selection molecules of endothelial cells via selectin receptors > roll along endothelial lining > IL -1 + TNF induce endothelial cell to express intercellular adhesion moelc type 1 (ICAM-1) > neutrophil's integrin molecules bind to it > pass thought post capillary venule > phagocytosis + hydrolytic enzyme release > respiratory BURST!
|
|
|
Neutraphil inflammation mechanism
|
1) neutraphil chemotactic agents bind to plasmalemma > release contents of tertiary c=granules to extracellular matrix
2) gelatinase degrades basal lamina 3) contents of specific granules released to extracellular matrix and attack invading org 4) phagocytosed microorg enclosed in phagosome > azurophilic granules get in intracell vescicle and destroy microorg 5) bact killed via enzyme + formation of reactive O2 compounds w/in phagosome of neutrophils. 6) Contents of azurophilic granules released in extracell matrix > tissue damage 7) neutrophil die forming pus 8) Synth of leukotrienesfrom arachidonic acids > aid in initiation of inflammation |
|
|
What are reactive Oxygen compounds and how are they formed?
|
Superoxide (O2-) - respiratory burst, NADPH oxidase on O2
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) - superoxide dismutase on superoxide Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) - interation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cloride ions + H2O2 |
|
|
pus
|
accumulation of dead leukocytes, bacteria and extracell fluid
|
|
|
Children with hereditary deficiencey of NADPH oxidase are subject to what?
|
Persistent bacterial infections - b/c neutrophils cannot form respiratory burst or generate superoxide, H2O2, or HOCl when phagocytosing bacteria.
|
