Ch 10

Front 1

The nerves, brain, spinal cord and sensory organs are major structures of what

Back 1

nervous system

Front 2

this part of the nervous system includes brain and spinal cord, receives and processes information, and regulates all bodily activity

Back 2

central nervous system

Front 3

thsi part of the nervous system includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of spinal nerves extending from the spinal cord

Back 3

peripheral nervous system

Front 4

is one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spnal cord with other parts of the body

Back 4

nerve

Front 5

impulse carrying fibers

Back 5

neurons

Front 6

is a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord

Back 6

tract

Front 7

these kind of tracts carries nerve impulses forward

Back 7

ascending tracts

Front 8

these kind of tracts carries nerve impulses away from the brain

Back 8

descending tracts

Front 9

Is a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system. Note : This trm may also mean a benign, tumor-like cycst

Back 9

ganglion or ganglia or ganglions

Front 10

is a network of intersecting nerves

Back 10

plexus or plexuses

Front 11

describes a network of intersecting blood or lymphatic vessels

Back 11

plexus

Front 12

is the supply of nerves to a body part. It also means the stimulation of a body part through the action of nerves

Back 12

innervation

Front 13

are the sites in the sensory organs (eyes,ears,skin,nose and taste buds) that receive external stimulation. These also send te stimulus through the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation

Back 13

receptors

Front 14

is anything that excites or activates a nerve and causes an impulse

Back 14

stimulus or stimuli

Front 15

a wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons

Back 15

impulse

Front 16

is an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body (maint of the heart rate, breathing rateblood pressure and coughing, sneezing, and reactions to painful stimuli are examples)

Back 16

reflex

Front 17

these are branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse

Back 17

terminal end fibers

Front 18

is the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ

Back 18

synapse

Front 19

is a chemical substance that makes it possible for messages to be transmitted by crossing the synapse from a neuron to the target receptor. There are between 200 and 300 of these known

Back 19

neurotransmitter

Front 20

are the star-shaped supportive and connective cells of the nervous system. The brain contains 10 to 50 more of these than neurons

Back 20

glial cells aka neuroglia

Front 21

means pertaining to glue

Back 21

glial

Front 22

glial cells are sometimes referred to as

Back 22

nerve glue

Front 23

means having a myelin sheath

Back 23

myelinated

Front 24

is the white protective covering that is made up of glial cells and covers some parts of the spinal cord, the white matter of the brain, and most peripheral nerves

Back 24

myelin sheath

Front 25

is the basic cell of the nervous system

Back 25

neuron

Front 26

This electrochemical process creates patterns of neuron electrical activity known as

Back 26

brain waves

Front 27

The two systems used for naming the neurons is

Back 27

A-C-E (helps remember the name) & S-A-M (helps remember the functions)

Front 28

The structures that extend out from the cell body, such as the dendrites and axon are called

Back 28

processes

Front 29

these are the root like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body

Back 29

dendrites

Front 30

extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from the nerve cell. They can be more than 3 feet long

Back 30

axon

Front 31

3 types of neurons aka A-C-E

Back 31

Afferent neurons
Connecting neurons
Efferent neurons

Front 32

aka sensory neurons the emerge from the skin or sense organs and carry impulses toward the brain and spinal cord

Back 32

afferent neurons

Front 33

aka as associative neurons, they carry impulses from one neuron to another

Back 33

connecting neurons

Front 34

aka motor neurons they carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscle and glands

Back 34

efferent neurons

Front 35

meanst toward

Back 35

afferent

Front 36

means away from

Back 36

efferent

Front 37

released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions; influences muscle action

Back 37

acetylcholine

Front 38

released within the brain; thought to be involved in mood and thought disorders and abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinsons disease

Back 38

dopamine

Front 39

naturally occuring substances produced by the brain that are released to help releive pain

Back 39

endorphins

Front 40

released at synaptic nerve endings; responds to hypotension and physical stress

Back 40

norepinephrine

Front 41

released in the brain; has roles in sleep, hunger, pleasure recognition, and is sometimes linked to mood disorders

Back 41

serotonin

Front 42

is the portion of the nerve fibers that have a myelin sheath. This covering gives these fibers their white color

Back 42

white matter

Front 43

is the portion of the nerves that does not have a myelin sheath and is gray in color

Back 43

gray matter

Front 44

Is made up of the brain and spinal cord

Back 44

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front 45

The _________ are 3 layers of connective tissue membrane that encloses the brain and spinal cord.

Back 45

meninges

Front 46

The 3 layers of connective tissue are:

Back 46

dura matter
arachnoid membrane
pia matter

Front 47

Is the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges

Back 47

dura matter

Front 48

means hard

Back 48

dura

Front 49

means mother

Back 49

mater

Front 50

In the vertebral column the ____________ is located above the dura mater and within the surrounding walls of bone

Back 50

epidural space

Front 51

means above or upon

Back 51

epi-

Front 52

means pertaining to dura mater

Back 52

-dural

Front 53

is located between the dura membrane and the arachnoid membrane

Back 53

subdural space

Front 54

means below

Back 54

sub-

Front 55

This resembles a spider web, is the second layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Back 55

arachnoid membrane

Front 56

means having to do with spiders

Back 56

arachnoid

Front 57

Is located below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid

Back 57

subarachnoid space

Front 58

the third layer of the meninges, is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord

Back 58

pia mater

Front 59

means tender or delicate

Back 59

pia

Front 60

is prodcued by special capillaries within the ventricles of the brain, is a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord

Back 60

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 61

means above or upon

Back 61

epi-

Front 62

means pertaining to dura mater

Back 62

-dural

Front 63

is located between the dura membrane and the arachnoid membrane

Back 63

subdural space

Front 64

means below

Back 64

sub-

Front 65

This resembles a spider web, is the second layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Back 65

arachnoid membrane

Front 66

means having to do with spiders

Back 66

arachnoid

Front 67

Is located below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid

Back 67

subarachnoid space

Front 68

the third layer of the meninges, is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord

Back 68

pia mater

Front 69

means tender or delicate

Back 69

pia

Front 70

is prodcued by special capillaries within the ventricles of the brain, is a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord

Back 70

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 71

The functions of the CSF are to:

Back 71

Nourish, cool and cushion these organs from shock or injury
transports nutrients and chemical messangers throughout the brain and spinal cord

Front 72

The larges and uppermost part of the brain, consisting of 4 lobes. It controls the highest level of thought includingjudgement,memory, association and critical thinking. It also processes sensations and controls all voluntary muscle activity

Back 72

cerebrum

Front 73

located below the cerebrum. relays sensory stimuli from the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex, supressing some and magnifying others

Back 73

thalamus

Front 74

located below the thalamus. Controls vital bodily functions

Back 74

hypothalamus

Front 75

located in the lower back of the cranium below the cerebrum. Coordinates muscle activity and balance for smooth and steady movements

Back 75

cerebellum

Front 76

consisting of the midbrain, pons, and medulla-located in the base of the brain and spinal cord.

Back 76

brainstem

Front 77

means pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain

Back 77

cerebral

Front 78

is made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is arranged in deep folds known as fissures.

Back 78

cerebral cortex

Front 79

is a normally occuring deep groove

Back 79

fissure

Front 80

The cerebrum is divided into the _________, whicj are also referred to as the left brain and right brain

Back 80

left and right hemispheres

Front 81

The two cerebral hemispheres are connected at the lower midpoint by the

Back 81

corpus callosum

Front 82

Each hemisphere of the cerebrum is divided into 4 _________

Back 82

lobes

Front 83

The ______lobe controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavoir

Back 83

frontal lobe

Front 84

The ______lobe receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles

Back 84

parietal lobe

Front 85

The _____lobe controls eye sight

Back 85

occipital lobe

Front 86

The _______lobe controls the senses of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information

Back 86

temporal lobe

Front 87

The 4 _______ located within the middle region of the cerebrum contain CSF.

Back 87

ventricles

Front 88

is a small cavity, such as the venticles of the brain and of the heart

Back 88

ventricle

Front 89

is located below the cerebrum, produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body

Back 89

thalamus

Front 90

is located below the thalamus, has seven major regulatory functions

Back 90

hypothalamus

Front 91

is the 2nd largest part of the brain. it is located at the back of the head below the posterior part of the cerebrum

Back 91

cerebellum

Front 92

is the stalk like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord

Back 92

brainstem

Front 93

provide conduction pathways to and from higher and lower centers in the brain

Back 93

midbrain and pons

Front 94

is located at the lowest part of the brainstem and is connected to the spinal cord. It controls basic life functions (resperation,heart rate & blood pressure)

Back 94

medulla aka medulla oblongata

Front 95

is the pathway for i,pulses going to and from the brain

Back 95

spinal cord

Front 96

consists of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves (extending from the brain) and the 31 pairs of spinal spinal nerves (extending from the spinal cord)

Back 96

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Front 97

The 12 pairs of ________ originate from the undersurface of the brain.

Back 97

cranial nerves

Front 98

the 31 pairs of peripheral _________ are usually grouped together based on the region of the body they innervate

Back 98

spinal nerves

Front 99

carry instructions to the organs and glands, and form the autonomic nerve system

Back 99

autonomic nerve fibers

Front 100

relay sensations from the outside world and also from inside the body

Back 100

sensory nerve fibers

Front 101

convey information that controls the body's voluntary muscular movements

Back 101

somatic nerve fibers aka motor nerve fibers