Ch. 10

Front 1

1)Inorganic: (ex. h20,salts, & ions)

2)Organic:

Water:(solvent of life's chemicals)

Back 1

1.non carbon

2.carbonhydrates,lipids,fats,nucleic acids

*most abundant substance in living systems

Front 2

FUNCTIONS OF WATER

1. Solvent: dissolving medium (liquid portion)

solution:mixture of solute(solid) & solvent (liquid)

2.water is the medium transport in plants& animals

Back 2

...

3.thermoregulation

4.participates in chemical reactions.

5.waters serves as a lubricant to reduce friction.

Front 3

3 TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS
1. Ionic bonds:

2. Covalent Bonds:

3.Hydrogen Bonds:(dashed lines)

Cohesion:

Back 3

1.form when electrically charged atoms(ions) with opposite charges attract each other.

2.are strong linkages that hold atoms together due to the sharing of electrons.

3. important, but weaker bonds. hold water molecules together.

*attraction of partial charges causes water molecules to stick together.

Front 4

Carbohydrates: Glucose,fructose, & sucrose.

3 MAJOR PROPERITES

1.Principle energy source

2.basic materials which molecules can be made

3.Simpler carbs are water soluble(poly. are not)

Back 4

*(ex.sugars,starches animal starch= glycogen,plant starch=cellulose)

Front 5

3 RECOGNIZABLE FORMS OF CARBOHYDRATES

1.Monosaccharaides: (one) single sugars

2.Disaccharides: (two) 2 sugars bonded together

3.Polysaccharides: (many) hundreds or thousands of monosaccharaides linked together.

Back 5

1.(ex. glucose,fructose in fruit, deoxyribose, galactose in milk)

2.(ex. maltose, lactose in milk sugar,sucrose in table sugar)

3."energy storage form "starches store energy in plants. glycogen stores energy in liver&muscle of animals

"structural role" Cellulose in plant cell walls. chitin in exoskeleton of invertebrates.

Front 6

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

carbon dioxide + water->sugar & oxygen made

(reactants) (products)

6CO2 + 6H2O (w/ light energy from the sun)->

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Back 6

CELLULAR RESPIRATION-

breakdown of sugars for energy

Glucose(sugar) + oxygen->C.D. + water + energy

(reactants) (products)

C6H12O6 + 6O2-> 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy

Front 7

Lipids:

2 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF LIPIDS

1. water insoluble (not dissolved in water)

2.have C-H bonds in greater proportion than other organic compounds

Back 7

* fats ,waxes, or oily substances

less oxygen

Front 8

Saturated fats:(animal fats)

Unsaturated fats: (vegetable oils)

Polyunsaturated fats:

Back 8

*means every carbon in the hydrocarbon tail has its full complement hydrogen. (single bonds)

*have doubled or triple bonds between 2 or more of the carbons in a chain.

*contain more than one double bond between the carbons.

Front 9

TYPES OF LIPIDS

1.Simple lipids:

2.Phospholipids:

3.Steroid lipids:

Back 9

*energy storage, insulation, cushioning

*are important in cell membranes

*cholesterol & sex hormones (ex. testosterone, estrogen)

Front 10

PROTEINS

very large molecules composed of long chains known as amino acids

20 diff. amino acids

macromolecules(large) & polymers (made of repeating subunits -amino acids)

Function: structural & physiological roles

Back 10

FUNCTION OF PROTEINS

1. Structural -within cells (ex. collagen is a protein in bone & other connective tissue,keratin found in hair & nails, muscle, beak, claws are made from protein)

Front 11

2. Catalytic (enzymes):

3.Hormones:

Back 11

2.speed up chemical reactions without being used up in process.

3.chemical messengers in the body that regulates various physiological processes & control growth & development.

Front 12

4.Transport:

5.Contractile (motion):

6. Immunological (defense):

Back 12

4. move vital substances throughout the body of plants & animals.

5.muscle tissues provide movement

6. antibodies fight foreign invaders

Front 13

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Back 13

*Primary elements found in nucleic acids are C,H,O,N,P

*are made up of repeating subunits called nucleotides.

Front 14

1.Deoxyribonucleic acid-DNA:

2.Ribonucleic acid-RNA

3.Adenosine triphosphate-ATP

Back 14

1.forms the inherited genetic information inside the nucleus of each cell.

-composed of two nucleotide chains twisted together to form a double helix.

2.Messenger RNA relays instructions from DNA to the cell to tell how to put amino acids together to make proteins.

3.ATP is the primary energy source of all cells.

Front 15

Atoms:

ATOMS CONSIST OF

1.nucleus:

2.Electron shell:

Back 15

*the smallest unit of chemical division

1. central core of the atom (contains protons and neutrons)

2.outside of nucleus (contains electrons)

Front 16

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

1.Protons:

element:

atomic number:

2.Neutrons:

3.Electrons:

Back 16

1. positively (+) charged subatomic particle

*a substance composed of atoms that are all alike

*# of protons of an atom (top)

2. (0) neutral

3. negatively (-) charged subatomic particle

Front 17

Isotopes:

radioactive decay:

Half life:

Back 17

*atoms that have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons. (diff. atomic mass=bottom #)

*nucleus tends to break up releasing energy & particles with lower atomic numbers.

*the amount of time it takes for half of the atoms of a substance to decompose or decay.