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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Exposing the nucleotides- Heating the DNA causes the strands to separate by breaking the hydrogen bonds; cooling the strands to come back together: |
annealing |
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Enzymes that recognize and cleave ( cut ) DNA at sites of palindromic sequence |
Restriction endonucleases |
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cleave produces staggered tails called ________ that can accept complimentary tails for gene splicing |
sticky ends |
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seals the ends by rejoining the sugar-phosphate bonds; splices genes into plasmids and chromosomes |
Ligase |
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converts RNA into DNA; copies called complimentary DNA or cDNA can be made from m-, r-, or t-RNA |
Reverse transcriptase ( retroviruses ) |
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DNA fragments = RFLPs separated by __________ |
electrophoresis; the smallest fragments spread farthest |
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Pattern aka _______ results in a genetic fingerprint |
ladder |
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Two different nucleic acid can hybridize |
by uniting at their complementary sites; ssDNA + ssDNA or ssRNA, ssRNA, ssRNA + ssRNA |
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made from oligonucleotide tracers detect specific nucleotide sequences in unknown samples |
Gene probes |
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When _____ ______ with an unknown area of DNA or RNA, they ____ the precise area and the degree of hybridization helps determine the nature of the nucleic acid |
prode hybridize ; tag |
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Probes carry ______ ________ )such as radioactive or luminescent labels ) so they can be visualized |
reporter molecules |
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uses probes directly applies to cells and observed microsopically to detect specific genetic markers used to identify bacteria |
FISH- fluorescent in situ hybridization |
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Rapidly increase the amount of DNA or RNA in samples |
Polymerase Chain Reaction: PCR |
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The method _______ ______ regulates cyclic temperature changes |
thermal recycler |
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In a thermal cycler, it denatures 2 strands with _____ to 94 C |
heat |
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What do primers do after the denature process |
synthetic oligonucleotides of known 15 -30bps that attach to end and promote replication |
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Extension - 72C ________ is isolated from ______ _____ and nucleotides added; DNA polymerase synthesizes complementary strand |
DNA polymerase; thermophilic bacteria |
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Twenty cycles produce a million colecules; use the amplified DNA for electrophoresis, probe identification and sequencing; |
Benefit - Sensitivity |
