Ch. 1 The Evolution On Psychology

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William Wundt

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established the 1st formal laboratory for research in psychology at the Univ. of Leipzig. He is the founder of psychology. Because of him, pysch became the scientific study of conscious experience

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Structuralism

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Leader: Edward Titchener
Based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related.

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Introspection

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careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience

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Functionalism

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Leader: William James
Based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure

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Natural selection

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inherited characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be "selected" over time

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Freud

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Austrian physician who came up with psychoanalysis and the unconscious. He also proposed that behavior is greatly influenced by how people cope with their sexual urges.

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Unconscious

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contains memories, thoughts, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior

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Psychoanalytic theory

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attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

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Behaviorism

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theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

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John B. Watson

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Founded behaviorism and proposed that psychologists abandon the study of consciousness altogether and focus on behaviors that could be directly observed

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Behavior

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Any observable response or activity by an organism

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Nurture vs Nature

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Whether behavior is determined by genetics or by environment and experience

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Stimulus response psychology

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study of relating overt behaviors (responses) to observable events in the environment (stimuli)

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B.F. Skinner

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American psychologist who asserted that psychology should study only observable behavior, and he generated controversy by arguing that free will is an illusion. He said that all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli.

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Humanism

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theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth (optimistic view)

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Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

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Advocates of humanism. Found behaviorism and psychoanalysis unsatisfactory. They said that humans have the drive for personal growth.

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Applied psychology

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branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems

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Clinical psychology

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first applied arm of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

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Cognition

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mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

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Evolutionary psychology

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examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations

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Positive psychology

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Uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative and fulfilling aspects of human experience

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Psychology

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science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie behavior, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems

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Empiricism

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the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation

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Theory

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system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations

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Culture

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refers to the widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations

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Testwiseness

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ability to use the characteristics and format of a cognitive test to maximize one's score