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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Human Motor Development

Process through which one passes throughout life


Changes in our movement ability through the lifespan

Academic Field

study of changes in human motor behavior over the lifespan, the processes that underlie these changes, and the factors that affect them

Importance of Motor Development

understand the way people normally develop movement skills


help individuals improve or perfect movement performance


to understand the way special populations develop movement skills


help special populations improve or perfect movement performance

Why study motor development?

-To gain knowledge that enables us to better understand ourselves


-Diagnosis of cases that warrant intervention and remediation


Create developmentally appropriate activities allowing for optimal teaching and learning of movement skills for people of all ages and ability levels


improve health and motor performance

Careers

hopsitals


business/industry


government agencies


professional education associations


private research facilities


variety of other specialized schools

Four Domains

Cognitive


Affective


Motor


Physical

Cognitive Domain

concerns human intellectual development

Affective Domain

Concerned with the social and emotional aspects of human development

Motor Domain

Development of human movement and factors that affect that development

Physical Domain

All types of physical/bodily change

Human Development

Changes through which all individuals pass across their lifespans



Developmental Perspective

development is age-related but not age-determined

Maturation

qualitative functional changes occurring with age

Growth

Quantitative Structural changes occurring with age

Cephalocaudal

development from head to tail


learning to walk

Proximodistal

development from the body's center to periphery


prenatal growth


acquisition of motor skill

Differentiation

progression from gross or immature movement to precise, well-controlled, and intentional movement


learning to walk

Integration

functioning of systems together

Gross movement

movement controlled by the large muscles or muscle groups


legs



Fine Movement

movement controlled by the small muscles or muscle groups


hands

Terms can be used together

categorized movement


describe progression and regression

Process-Product Controversy

product approach in the study of human movement


the end result, or outcome is the focus


task-oriented approach

Product approach

in the study of human movement


the emphasis is on the movement itself, with little attention to outcome

Stages of Development

phase, time, levels, periods


controversy over whether the stages of development actually exist

Reflexive Period

Prenatal-few weeks after birth


Involuntary response to stimuli


survival


brain stem

Pre-adapted Periods

movement produced from higher brain centers


conscious, voluntary

Fundamental Patterns Periods

Build on movement skills


Includes fundamental locomotor skills, object control, fine motor control


Critical to future motor performance

Context-Specific Periods

Begin to experience one or more peaks in movement skills


Life experiences, personal likes and dislikes of movements

Skillful Periods

Experience and practice


Not achieved by all


Requires motivation, opportunity, instruction, practice over years


In general, cannot be competent in every skill

Compensation Periods

Associated with injury: with practice and time, may return to previous skill level


Aging; inevitable decline, compensate with new skill

Cross-sectional

comparison of two or more persons or groups at one point in time


pros: administratively efficient, quickly completed, age differences can be observed


cons: cannot observe change


cant determine accurate age of groups


age and cohort are confounded

Longitudinal

a study over a long period of time


pros: change can be observed across ages


cons: adminstratively inefficient


age and time of measurements are confounded


subjects may be influenced by repeated testing


subjects may drop out

Time-lag

different cohorts are compared at different times



Sequential-cohort

Integrates the cross-sectional, longitudinal, and time-lag designs within one study


pros: accounts for generational (cohort) effect


cons: adminstrively inefficient


costly


subjects may drop out


difficult to analyze statistically