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139 Cards in this Set

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Study of the structure of the body.

Human Anatomy

Structures you can see with the "naked" eye.

Gross Anatomy

A subcategory of Human Anatomy.

Structures you can see with the help of a scientific instrument.

Microscopic Anatomy

A subcategory of Human Anatomy.

Study of the function of living things.

Physiology

Smallest unit of matter is an atom. 2 or more atoms form a molecule or chemical.

Chemical

H+Cl=HCl




H= Hydrogen


Cl= Chloride


HCl= Hydrocloric Acid

Cells are basic unit of life. A group of molecules forms a cells.

Cellular/Cells

Example:


*Sperm


*Muscle Cell


*Heart Cells

A group of cells and their materials that surround them.

Tissue

There are 4 types:


*Connective


*Epithelium


*Muscle


*Nervous

A group of tissues to form a common body structure.

Organ

Example:


*Heart


*Liver


*Lung


*Stomach

Group of organs that perform a common function.

Organ System

Example:


*Cardiovascular


*Digestive


*Endocrine


*Lymphatic

Largest level and includes all the systems of the body to make a human being.

Organism

What level is the most complex?

Organism

At what level does life begin?

Cellular Level

The sum of all chemical reactions.

Metabolism

Characteristics of Life

Ability to detect and respond to change.

Responsiveness


Characteristics of Life

Why is Responsiveness important?

Because it shows that you are living.


Motion

Movement

Characteristics of Life

What tissue in the body helps Movement occur?

Muscles

Increase in body size do to:


*Size of existing cell.


*The amount of material.

Growth

Characteristics of Life

When do we see cells grow?

During Mitosis

Specialized cells that become special.

Differentiation

Characteristics of Life


Ex:


*Stem Cells

Either:


*Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement.


OR


*Productions of a new individual.

Reproduction

Maintenance of relatively stable condition.

Homeostasis

Ex:


*Body Temperature

Monitors change and sends information= input.

Receptor

One of the 3 Feedback Loops

Evaluates the input and sends a message if needed= output.

Control Center

One of the 3 Feedback Loops

Receives output and produces a response.

Effectors

One of the 3 Feedback Loops

Strengthens or enhances the change.

Positive Feedback Loop

This is the most common, reverses or eliminates the stimulus that creates the change.

Negative Feedback Loop

Abnormality of structure and/or function.

Disorder

More specific term used to describe an illness.

Disease

Type of disease that are: subjective.

Symptom

Type of disease that are: objective and measurable.

Signs

Organ systems that: Covering the body.

Skin & Muscle

Organ systems that are: Support and Movement.

Skeletal & Muscles

Organ systems that are: Control and Coordinate.

Nervous System and Endocrine

Organ systems that is: Transport

Muscles and Cardiovascular

Organ systems that are: Absorption and Excretion.

Respiratory, Digestive, and Urinary

Organ systems that is: Reproduction.

Reproduction

Standing upright, with palms facing forward.

Anatomic Position

Body cavity that is in the back.

Dorsal Cavity

A Major Body Cavity

The cavity that encloses the brain.

Cranial Cavity


A subcategory in the Dorsal Cavity.

Encloses the Spinal Cord.

Vertebral Cavity

A subcategory in the Dorsal Cavity.

Body cavity that is in the back; and it is composed of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Ventral Cavity

A Major Body Cavity

A body cavity that encloses the:


*Lungs


*Mediastinum

Thoracic Cavity

A subcategory in the Ventral Cavity

This subcategory cavity contain: the stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, most of large intestine, spleen, kidneys, ureters.

Abdominal Cavity

A subcategory of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

This subcategory cavity contain: urinary bladder, last part of the large intestine and uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries OR seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and vas deferens.

Pelvic Cavity

A subcategory of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Cavities in the head

*Oral


*Nasal


*Orbital

It is a simple pure substance that cannot be separated into different substances by ordinary chemical methods. The basic unit of an element is the atom.

Element

The What Are these Major Element:


*O


*C


*H


*N

*Oxygen


*Carbon


*Hydrogen


*Nitrogen

Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties and characteristics of an element.

Atom

Located in the nucleus of the atom, and it is Positively Charged.

Proton

One of the structures of an atom

Located in the nucleus of the atom, and it is a Neutral Charged

Neutron

One of the structures of an atom

Located in the nucleus of the atom, and it is Negatively Charged.

Electron

One of the structures of an atom

Charged atom, either negative or positive charged.

Ion

A group of atoms (2 or more) held together by chemical bonds.

Molecule

Ex:


*H(2)


*O(2)


*H(2)O

Substance that is composed of two or more atoms from different from different elements.

Compound

Ex:


H(2)O


C(6)H(12)O(6)

The formation of a molecule by the sharing of electrons. The combining atoms do not lose or gain electrons.

Covalent

A type of a Chemical Bonds

The formation of a molecule that results from the force of attraction of oppositely charged ions.

Ionic

A type of a Chemical Bonds

Forms when a hydrogen atom with a slightly positive charge from a polar covalent bond is attracted to an atom with a slightly negative charge, usually Oxygen or Nitrogen.

Hydrogen

A type of a Chemical Bonds

Anabolic reactions; occur when 2 or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules.

Synthesis Reaction

A+B> AB




A= Atom or Ion


B= Atom or Ion


AB= New Molecule

Catabolic reaction; molecules broken down into smaller parts.

Decomposition Reaction

AB> A+B




A= Atom or Ion


B= Atom or Ion


AB= New Molecule

It consists of a decomposition reaction and then a synthesis to form two new products.

Exchange Reaction

AB+CD> AD+BC

These reactions can go in either direction.

Reversible Reaction

AB<>A+B




>Breaks Down


This is the form of heat.

Energy

This is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

Metabolism

What are the 2 types of Metabolism?

*Catabolism


*Anabolism

Always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen and always have covalent bonds.

Organic

One of the two main classes of chemicals in the body.

Usually lack carbon, simple and are held together by covalent or ionic bonds.




The only exceptions are: CO & CO(2)

Inorganic

One of the two main classes of chemicals in the body.

Most important molecule, it is a solvent; and what type of molecule is it?

Water; Inorganic


What type of disassociation property has this: A Hydrogen Ion and an Anion.

Acid

What type of disassociation property has this: A Hydroxide and a Cation.

Base

What type of disassociation property has this: A Anion & Cation, neither of which is a Hydrogen or Hydroxide.

Salt

The Types of Organic Molecules

*Carbohydrates


*Lipids


*Nucleic Acids


*Proteins

What is it called when something is called when: "What Is Being Dissolved".

Solute

What is it called when something is called when: "What Is Doing the Dissolving".

Solvent

Solute+Solvent= ????

Solution

How much does water make-up the body mass in lean adults?

55-60%

What are the properties that make Water important in our lives?

*An excellent solvent.


*Absorbs and releases heat very slowly.


*Lubricant


*Participates in chemical reactions.


*Requires a large amount of heat to change from a liquid to a gas.

What is Hydrocloric Acid (H+Cl-); a Acid, Base, or Salt?

Acid

What is Potassium Hydroxide (K+OH-); a Acid, Base, or Salt?

Base

What is Potassium Chloride (K+Cl-); a Acid, Base, or Salt?

Salt

How much Hydrogen (H) and Hydroxide (OH) ions does Acid have and what is the highest number an Acid can get on the pH Scale?

It has more H ions & less OH ions; and 0.

How much Hydrogen (H) and Hydroxide (OH) ions does a Base have, what is the highest number a Base can get on the pH Scale, and what is another name for "Base"?

It has more OH & less H ions, 14, and Alkaline.

What is the neutral number on the pH scale?

7

What are the: Compositions (Elements) and Monomer(s) in a Carbohydrates?

Compositions: Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen




Monomer: Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, & Polysaccaride

Examples:


*Cellulose


*Glycogen


*Starches


*Sugars



What are the: Compositions (Elements) and Monomer(s) in a Proteins?

Composition: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, & Oxygen




Monomer: Amino Acids

Examples:

*Antibodies


*Collagen


*Keratin


*Muscle


What are the: Compositions (Elements) and Monomer(s) in a Lipids?

Composition: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Phosphate




Monomer: Glycerol Backbone & 3 Fatty Acids

Examples:

*Cholesterol


*Fats


*Oils


*Steroids


What are the: Compositions (Elements) and Monomer(s) in a Nucleic Acids?

Compositions: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, & Oxygen




Monomer: Nucleotides

Examples:


*ATP


*DNA


*RNA

What are the characteristics of an Enzymes?

*Cellular Control


*Efficiency


*Specificity

What structure is this Organic Molecule?


*C(6)H(12)C(6)


OR


*CH(2)O; 1=C, 2=H, 1=O




And has a Pentose (Pentagon) or Hexose (Hexagon); and can only be used in a this molecule.

Carbohydrate Structure

What structure is this Organic Molecule?




H R


| |


N-------C------COOH


| |


H R




COOH= Carboxl Group


H-N-H= Amine Group


R= Random Group

Protein Structure

What type of Organic Molecule, is insoluble in water (H2O); and has the Cholesterol, Fat, and Phospholipid?

Lipid Structure

What type of Subcategory in Lipids uses a Triglyceride structure?




C-C-C-C-C-C


|


C-C-C-C-C-C


|


C-C-C-C-C-C




C-C-C= Glycerol Molecule (Back Bone)


C-C-C-C-C= Fatty Acids Tails

Fat

What type of Subcategory in Lipids uses a Triglyceride structure?




O C-C-C-C-C-C


| |


O----P----O----C


| |


O C-C-C-C-C-C




C-C-C-C-C-C= Non-Polar/Tails (Hydrophobic); Not Charged


O


|


O----P----O= Polar/Head | (Hydrophilic)


O Charged

Phospholipid

What type of Subcategory in Lipids, that is what steroids are; and the structure has this:




4 Rings; 3 Hexose; 1 Pentose

Cholesterol

What type of Organic Molecule; that uses a Monomer Structure, ATP, & ADP?




Monomer Structure:


P= Phosphate Group (Ring), S= Sugar (Pentose), B= Base (Hexose)




ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate:


1 Sugar; 1 Base; 3 Phosphate Group




ADP= Adenosine Diphosphate:


1 Sugar; 1 Base; 2 Phosphate Group

Nucleic Acid Structure

What type of Subcategory in Nucleic Acid, that uses Deoxyribose as Sugar; uses a Monomer for the structure and is a Double-Strained Helix?




Base:


A= Adenine


C= Cytosine


G= Guanine


T= Thymine


C-G


A-T




Structure:


P---S----C-------G----S---P


| |


P---S----A-------T----S---P




Another Diagram:


A-T


T-A


T-A


G-C


G-C


C-G

DNA= Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

What type of Subcategory in Nucleic Acid, that uses Ribose as Sugar; uses a Monomer for the structure, is a Single Strain and not spiraled; and takes the right side from the DNA, rips it, and replaces it?




Base:


A= Adenine


C= Cytosine


G= Guanine


U= Uracil




Structure:


DNA: ???:


A-T A-U


A-T A-U


A-T A-U


C-G C-G


C-G C-G


G-C G-C

RNA= Ribose Nucleic Acid

What are the 3 parts to a cell?

*Cell Membrane


*Cytoplasm


*Nucleus

What molecule makes of the basic framework of the plasma membrane?

Phoslipid

O C-C-C-C-C-C


| |


O----P----O----C-C-C-C-C-C


| |


O C-C-C-C-C-C

What other molecules are found with the cell membrane?

*Cholesterol


*Glycolipids


*Glycoproteins


*Proteins Carriers & Channel Protiens

What are the substances that are transported across the cell membrane by 2 processes?

*Active


*Passive

What are one of the substances; that uses kinetic energy or energy of motion?

Passive

What are one of the substances; that requires energy in the form of ATP?

Active

What is the movement from High to Low concentration?

Passive Transport

What is one of the Passive Transport; that uses net movement of molecules (and solute is the only movement) from region of Higher Concentration to Lower Concentration?

Diffusion

What is one of the Passive Transport; that uses a carrier (transport protein in the membrane) is required for ________ of certain molecules across a membrane?

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane, and water is the only one that is moving; its like diffusion but water is moving instead of the molecules.

Osmosis

What is the concentration of solute in solution?

Tonicity

What type of Solution/Tonicity, that has the same concentration inside and outside the cell?

Isotonic

What type of Solution/Tonicity, that has a lower concentration of solute in the solution (outside the cell) than inside the cell?

Hypotonic

What is it called when a cell goes through hypotonic, and the cell bursts?

Hemolysis

What type of Solution/Tonicity, that has a greater concentration of solution (outside the cell) than inside the cell?

Hypertonic

What is it called when a cell goes through hypertonic, and the cell shrivels up?

Crenation

What is one of the Passive Transport; that movement of H2O and dissolved substances through a membrane in response to a difference in hydrostatic pressure on the 2 sides of the membrane.

Filtration

What is movement of molecule from an area of low concentration to high concentration, requiring the use of ATP.

Active Transport

What is one of the types of the Bulk Transport; and it's movement is moving into the cell?

Endocytosis

During Endocytosis, what is the term for "Cell Eating"?

Phagocytosis

During Endocytosis, what is the term for "Cell Drinking"?

Pinocytosis

What is one of the types of the Bulk Transport; and it's movement is moving out of the cell?

Exocytosis

One of the Cytoplasmic/Cytoplasm Organelles, what are the 3 categories in the Cytoskeleton (filaments)?

*Intermediate Filaments


*Microfilaments


*Microtubule



What organelle has the function that:


*Free _______ synthesize proteins used in the cytosol.


*_______ associated with endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins destined for insertion in the plasma membrane or secretion from the cell.

Ribosomes

What organelle has the function that; _____________synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred into cellular organelles, inserted into the membrane, or secreted during exocytosis?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

What organelle has the function that:


*Lipid Synthesis


*Detoxification

SmoothEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

What organelle has the function that:


*Modifies


*Packages


*Proteins


*Secretes Lipids

Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body & Golgi Complex)

What organelle has the function that; produce ATP?

Mitochondrion (Single)


Mitochondria (Plural)

What organelle has the function that is the digestion of:


*Carbohydrates


*Lipid


*Old Cellular Debris


*Pathogens


*Proteins


*Wastes

Lysosomes

What organelle has the function that; smaller than lysosomes and breakdown lipids, which are enzymes that can oxidize various organic?

Peroxisomes

What organelle has the function that; microtubule organizing center, made-up of 9 microtuble triplets, or 27 microtuble?

Centriole/Centrosome

What is the part of the Nucleus, and is the composed of a double phospholipid bilayer?

Nuclear Membrane/Nuclear Envelope

What is the part of the Nucleus, and is the fluid like substance within the nucleus, like cytoplasm in consistency but has a pH.

Nucleoplasm

What is the part of the Nucleus, and its a concentrated area of RNA and proteins.

Nucleolus

What is the part of the Nucleus; and has DNA, basically the genetic material, 46 or 23 pairs?

Chromosomes

What is a one of the parts of the Cell Cycle; and makes exact copies of DNA prior to mitosis, and occurs during interphase?

DNA Replication

What is a one of the parts of the Cell Cycle; and its called Cell Division, and results in 2 Daughter Cells identical to the parent cell?

Mitosis

What is it called in the first step of Mitosis; when the chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nucleolus disappears?

Prophase

What is it called in the second step of Mitosis; and when the chromosomes line up along the _________ plate (imaginary plane)?

Metaphase

What is it called in the third step of Mitosis; and when chromosomes break at centromeres, and sister chromatides move to opposite ends of the cell.

Anaphase

What is it called in the fourth and final step of Mitosis; and when the nuclear envelope begins to reappear around the chromosomes?

Telophase

This happens or occurs in sex cells?

Meiosis