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139 Cards in this Set
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Study of the structure of the body. |
Human Anatomy |
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Structures you can see with the "naked" eye. |
Gross Anatomy |
A subcategory of Human Anatomy. |
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Structures you can see with the help of a scientific instrument. |
Microscopic Anatomy |
A subcategory of Human Anatomy. |
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Study of the function of living things. |
Physiology |
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Smallest unit of matter is an atom. 2 or more atoms form a molecule or chemical. |
Chemical |
H+Cl=HCl H= Hydrogen Cl= Chloride HCl= Hydrocloric Acid |
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Cells are basic unit of life. A group of molecules forms a cells. |
Cellular/Cells |
Example: *Sperm *Muscle Cell *Heart Cells |
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A group of cells and their materials that surround them. |
Tissue |
There are 4 types: *Connective *Epithelium *Muscle *Nervous |
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A group of tissues to form a common body structure. |
Organ |
Example: *Heart *Liver *Lung *Stomach |
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Group of organs that perform a common function. |
Organ System |
Example: *Cardiovascular *Digestive *Endocrine *Lymphatic |
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Largest level and includes all the systems of the body to make a human being. |
Organism |
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What level is the most complex? |
Organism |
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At what level does life begin? |
Cellular Level |
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The sum of all chemical reactions. |
Metabolism |
Characteristics of Life |
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Ability to detect and respond to change. |
Responsiveness
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Characteristics of Life |
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Why is Responsiveness important? |
Because it shows that you are living. |
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Motion |
Movement |
Characteristics of Life |
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What tissue in the body helps Movement occur? |
Muscles |
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Increase in body size do to: *Size of existing cell. *The amount of material. |
Growth |
Characteristics of Life |
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When do we see cells grow? |
During Mitosis |
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Specialized cells that become special. |
Differentiation |
Characteristics of Life Ex: *Stem Cells |
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Either: *Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement. OR *Productions of a new individual. |
Reproduction |
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Maintenance of relatively stable condition. |
Homeostasis |
Ex: *Body Temperature |
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Monitors change and sends information= input. |
Receptor |
One of the 3 Feedback Loops |
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Evaluates the input and sends a message if needed= output. |
Control Center |
One of the 3 Feedback Loops |
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Receives output and produces a response. |
Effectors |
One of the 3 Feedback Loops |
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Strengthens or enhances the change. |
Positive Feedback Loop |
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This is the most common, reverses or eliminates the stimulus that creates the change. |
Negative Feedback Loop |
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Abnormality of structure and/or function. |
Disorder |
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More specific term used to describe an illness. |
Disease |
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Type of disease that are: subjective. |
Symptom |
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Type of disease that are: objective and measurable. |
Signs |
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Organ systems that: Covering the body. |
Skin & Muscle |
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Organ systems that are: Support and Movement. |
Skeletal & Muscles |
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Organ systems that are: Control and Coordinate. |
Nervous System and Endocrine |
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Organ systems that is: Transport |
Muscles and Cardiovascular |
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Organ systems that are: Absorption and Excretion. |
Respiratory, Digestive, and Urinary |
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Organ systems that is: Reproduction. |
Reproduction |
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Standing upright, with palms facing forward. |
Anatomic Position |
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Body cavity that is in the back. |
Dorsal Cavity |
A Major Body Cavity |
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The cavity that encloses the brain. |
Cranial Cavity
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A subcategory in the Dorsal Cavity. |
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Encloses the Spinal Cord. |
Vertebral Cavity |
A subcategory in the Dorsal Cavity. |
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Body cavity that is in the back; and it is composed of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. |
Ventral Cavity |
A Major Body Cavity |
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A body cavity that encloses the: *Lungs *Mediastinum |
Thoracic Cavity |
A subcategory in the Ventral Cavity |
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This subcategory cavity contain: the stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, most of large intestine, spleen, kidneys, ureters. |
Abdominal Cavity |
A subcategory of the Abdominopelvic Cavity |
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This subcategory cavity contain: urinary bladder, last part of the large intestine and uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries OR seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and vas deferens. |
Pelvic Cavity |
A subcategory of the Abdominopelvic Cavity |
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Cavities in the head |
*Oral *Nasal *Orbital |
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It is a simple pure substance that cannot be separated into different substances by ordinary chemical methods. The basic unit of an element is the atom. |
Element |
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The What Are these Major Element: *O *C *H *N |
*Oxygen *Carbon *Hydrogen *Nitrogen |
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Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties and characteristics of an element. |
Atom |
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Located in the nucleus of the atom, and it is Positively Charged. |
Proton |
One of the structures of an atom |
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Located in the nucleus of the atom, and it is a Neutral Charged |
Neutron |
One of the structures of an atom |
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Located in the nucleus of the atom, and it is Negatively Charged. |
Electron |
One of the structures of an atom |
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Charged atom, either negative or positive charged. |
Ion |
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A group of atoms (2 or more) held together by chemical bonds. |
Molecule |
Ex: *H(2) *O(2) *H(2)O |
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Substance that is composed of two or more atoms from different from different elements. |
Compound |
Ex: H(2)O C(6)H(12)O(6) |
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The formation of a molecule by the sharing of electrons. The combining atoms do not lose or gain electrons. |
Covalent |
A type of a Chemical Bonds |
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The formation of a molecule that results from the force of attraction of oppositely charged ions. |
Ionic |
A type of a Chemical Bonds |
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Forms when a hydrogen atom with a slightly positive charge from a polar covalent bond is attracted to an atom with a slightly negative charge, usually Oxygen or Nitrogen. |
Hydrogen |
A type of a Chemical Bonds |
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Anabolic reactions; occur when 2 or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules. |
Synthesis Reaction |
A+B> AB A= Atom or Ion B= Atom or Ion AB= New Molecule |
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Catabolic reaction; molecules broken down into smaller parts. |
Decomposition Reaction |
AB> A+B A= Atom or Ion B= Atom or Ion AB= New Molecule |
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It consists of a decomposition reaction and then a synthesis to form two new products. |
Exchange Reaction |
AB+CD> AD+BC |
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These reactions can go in either direction. |
Reversible Reaction |
AB<>A+B >Breaks Down |
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This is the form of heat. |
Energy |
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This is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body. |
Metabolism |
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What are the 2 types of Metabolism? |
*Catabolism *Anabolism |
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Always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen and always have covalent bonds. |
Organic |
One of the two main classes of chemicals in the body. |
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Usually lack carbon, simple and are held together by covalent or ionic bonds. The only exceptions are: CO & CO(2) |
Inorganic |
One of the two main classes of chemicals in the body. |
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Most important molecule, it is a solvent; and what type of molecule is it? |
Water; Inorganic |
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What type of disassociation property has this: A Hydrogen Ion and an Anion. |
Acid |
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What type of disassociation property has this: A Hydroxide and a Cation. |
Base |
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What type of disassociation property has this: A Anion & Cation, neither of which is a Hydrogen or Hydroxide. |
Salt |
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The Types of Organic Molecules |
*Carbohydrates *Lipids *Nucleic Acids *Proteins |
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What is it called when something is called when: "What Is Being Dissolved". |
Solute |
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What is it called when something is called when: "What Is Doing the Dissolving". |
Solvent |
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Solute+Solvent= ???? |
Solution |
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How much does water make-up the body mass in lean adults? |
55-60% |
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What are the properties that make Water important in our lives? |
*An excellent solvent. *Absorbs and releases heat very slowly. *Lubricant *Participates in chemical reactions. *Requires a large amount of heat to change from a liquid to a gas. |
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What is Hydrocloric Acid (H+Cl-); a Acid, Base, or Salt? |
Acid |
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What is Potassium Hydroxide (K+OH-); a Acid, Base, or Salt? |
Base |
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What is Potassium Chloride (K+Cl-); a Acid, Base, or Salt? |
Salt |
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How much Hydrogen (H) and Hydroxide (OH) ions does Acid have and what is the highest number an Acid can get on the pH Scale? |
It has more H ions & less OH ions; and 0. |
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How much Hydrogen (H) and Hydroxide (OH) ions does a Base have, what is the highest number a Base can get on the pH Scale, and what is another name for "Base"? |
It has more OH & less H ions, 14, and Alkaline. |
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What is the neutral number on the pH scale? |
7 |
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What are the: Compositions (Elements) and Monomer(s) in a Carbohydrates? |
Compositions: Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen Monomer: Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, & Polysaccaride |
Examples: *Cellulose *Glycogen *Starches *Sugars |
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What are the: Compositions (Elements) and Monomer(s) in a Proteins? |
Composition: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, & Oxygen Monomer: Amino Acids |
Examples:
*Antibodies *Collagen *Keratin *Muscle |
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What are the: Compositions (Elements) and Monomer(s) in a Lipids? |
Composition: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Phosphate Monomer: Glycerol Backbone & 3 Fatty Acids |
Examples:
*Cholesterol *Fats *Oils *Steroids |
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What are the: Compositions (Elements) and Monomer(s) in a Nucleic Acids? |
Compositions: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, & Oxygen Monomer: Nucleotides |
Examples: *ATP *DNA *RNA |
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What are the characteristics of an Enzymes? |
*Cellular Control *Efficiency *Specificity |
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What structure is this Organic Molecule? *C(6)H(12)C(6) OR *CH(2)O; 1=C, 2=H, 1=O And has a Pentose (Pentagon) or Hexose (Hexagon); and can only be used in a this molecule. |
Carbohydrate Structure |
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What structure is this Organic Molecule? H R | | N-------C------COOH | | H R COOH= Carboxl Group H-N-H= Amine Group R= Random Group |
Protein Structure |
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What type of Organic Molecule, is insoluble in water (H2O); and has the Cholesterol, Fat, and Phospholipid? |
Lipid Structure |
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What type of Subcategory in Lipids uses a Triglyceride structure? C-C-C-C-C-C | C-C-C-C-C-C | C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C= Glycerol Molecule (Back Bone) C-C-C-C-C= Fatty Acids Tails |
Fat |
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What type of Subcategory in Lipids uses a Triglyceride structure? O C-C-C-C-C-C | | O----P----O----C | | O C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C-C-C-C= Non-Polar/Tails (Hydrophobic); Not Charged O | O----P----O= Polar/Head | (Hydrophilic) O Charged |
Phospholipid |
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What type of Subcategory in Lipids, that is what steroids are; and the structure has this: 4 Rings; 3 Hexose; 1 Pentose |
Cholesterol |
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What type of Organic Molecule; that uses a Monomer Structure, ATP, & ADP? Monomer Structure: P= Phosphate Group (Ring), S= Sugar (Pentose), B= Base (Hexose) ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate: 1 Sugar; 1 Base; 3 Phosphate Group ADP= Adenosine Diphosphate: 1 Sugar; 1 Base; 2 Phosphate Group |
Nucleic Acid Structure |
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What type of Subcategory in Nucleic Acid, that uses Deoxyribose as Sugar; uses a Monomer for the structure and is a Double-Strained Helix? Base: A= Adenine C= Cytosine G= Guanine T= Thymine C-G A-T Structure: P---S----C-------G----S---P | | P---S----A-------T----S---P Another Diagram: A-T T-A T-A G-C G-C C-G |
DNA= Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid |
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What type of Subcategory in Nucleic Acid, that uses Ribose as Sugar; uses a Monomer for the structure, is a Single Strain and not spiraled; and takes the right side from the DNA, rips it, and replaces it? Base: A= Adenine C= Cytosine G= Guanine U= Uracil Structure: DNA: ???: A-T A-U A-T A-U A-T A-U C-G C-G C-G C-G G-C G-C |
RNA= Ribose Nucleic Acid |
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What are the 3 parts to a cell? |
*Cell Membrane *Cytoplasm *Nucleus |
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What molecule makes of the basic framework of the plasma membrane? |
Phoslipid |
O C-C-C-C-C-C | | O----P----O----C-C-C-C-C-C | | O C-C-C-C-C-C |
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What other molecules are found with the cell membrane? |
*Cholesterol *Glycolipids *Glycoproteins *Proteins Carriers & Channel Protiens |
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What are the substances that are transported across the cell membrane by 2 processes? |
*Active *Passive |
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What are one of the substances; that uses kinetic energy or energy of motion? |
Passive |
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What are one of the substances; that requires energy in the form of ATP? |
Active |
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What is the movement from High to Low concentration? |
Passive Transport |
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What is one of the Passive Transport; that uses net movement of molecules (and solute is the only movement) from region of Higher Concentration to Lower Concentration? |
Diffusion |
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What is one of the Passive Transport; that uses a carrier (transport protein in the membrane) is required for ________ of certain molecules across a membrane? |
Facilitated Diffusion |
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Diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane, and water is the only one that is moving; its like diffusion but water is moving instead of the molecules. |
Osmosis |
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What is the concentration of solute in solution?
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Tonicity |
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What type of Solution/Tonicity, that has the same concentration inside and outside the cell? |
Isotonic |
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What type of Solution/Tonicity, that has a lower concentration of solute in the solution (outside the cell) than inside the cell?
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Hypotonic |
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What is it called when a cell goes through hypotonic, and the cell bursts? |
Hemolysis |
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What type of Solution/Tonicity, that has a greater concentration of solution (outside the cell) than inside the cell? |
Hypertonic |
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What is it called when a cell goes through hypertonic, and the cell shrivels up?
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Crenation |
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What is one of the Passive Transport; that movement of H2O and dissolved substances through a membrane in response to a difference in hydrostatic pressure on the 2 sides of the membrane. |
Filtration |
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What is movement of molecule from an area of low concentration to high concentration, requiring the use of ATP. |
Active Transport |
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What is one of the types of the Bulk Transport; and it's movement is moving into the cell? |
Endocytosis |
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During Endocytosis, what is the term for "Cell Eating"? |
Phagocytosis |
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During Endocytosis, what is the term for "Cell Drinking"? |
Pinocytosis |
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What is one of the types of the Bulk Transport; and it's movement is moving out of the cell? |
Exocytosis |
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One of the Cytoplasmic/Cytoplasm Organelles, what are the 3 categories in the Cytoskeleton (filaments)? |
*Intermediate Filaments *Microfilaments *Microtubule |
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What organelle has the function that: *Free _______ synthesize proteins used in the cytosol. *_______ associated with endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins destined for insertion in the plasma membrane or secretion from the cell. |
Ribosomes |
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What organelle has the function that; _____________synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred into cellular organelles, inserted into the membrane, or secreted during exocytosis?
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) |
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What organelle has the function that: *Lipid Synthesis *Detoxification |
SmoothEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) |
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What organelle has the function that: *Modifies *Packages *Proteins *Secretes Lipids |
Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body & Golgi Complex) |
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What organelle has the function that; produce ATP? |
Mitochondrion (Single) Mitochondria (Plural) |
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What organelle has the function that is the digestion of: *Carbohydrates *Lipid *Old Cellular Debris *Pathogens *Proteins *Wastes |
Lysosomes |
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What organelle has the function that; smaller than lysosomes and breakdown lipids, which are enzymes that can oxidize various organic? |
Peroxisomes |
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What organelle has the function that; microtubule organizing center, made-up of 9 microtuble triplets, or 27 microtuble? |
Centriole/Centrosome |
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What is the part of the Nucleus, and is the composed of a double phospholipid bilayer? |
Nuclear Membrane/Nuclear Envelope |
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What is the part of the Nucleus, and is the fluid like substance within the nucleus, like cytoplasm in consistency but has a pH. |
Nucleoplasm |
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What is the part of the Nucleus, and its a concentrated area of RNA and proteins. |
Nucleolus |
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What is the part of the Nucleus; and has DNA, basically the genetic material, 46 or 23 pairs? |
Chromosomes |
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What is a one of the parts of the Cell Cycle; and makes exact copies of DNA prior to mitosis, and occurs during interphase? |
DNA Replication |
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What is a one of the parts of the Cell Cycle; and its called Cell Division, and results in 2 Daughter Cells identical to the parent cell? |
Mitosis |
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What is it called in the first step of Mitosis; when the chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nucleolus disappears? |
Prophase |
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What is it called in the second step of Mitosis; and when the chromosomes line up along the _________ plate (imaginary plane)? |
Metaphase |
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What is it called in the third step of Mitosis; and when chromosomes break at centromeres, and sister chromatides move to opposite ends of the cell. |
Anaphase |
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What is it called in the fourth and final step of Mitosis; and when the nuclear envelope begins to reappear around the chromosomes? |
Telophase |
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This happens or occurs in sex cells? |
Meiosis |
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