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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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first person to get blood infusion from 3 people
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pope innocent 8
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substances that can cause fever
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pyrogens
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1st manufacturer of commercially prepared IV solutions
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baxter
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discovered blood groups
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karl landsteiner
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developed all glass syringe
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wulfing luer
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who developed syringe
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sir alexander wood
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who recognized dehydration from patients of cholera and saw to inject salt into blood
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william broook o shaugnessy
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who injected unpurrified compounds into humans
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johann daniel major
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who experimented with pig bladder quil and injected dogs w/ wine opiate
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sir christopher wren
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who described the circulation of blood
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william harvey
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metabolic by products of live or dead microorganisms that cause pyretic response
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pyrogen
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absense of living organisms
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sterility
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meaning outside of the body
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parenteral
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sources of pyrogens in parenterals
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water
chemical other than water used to prepare IV solution |
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what are the two pyrogen tests
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USP Pyrogen Test (Rabbit test) sample for parenteral injected into rabit ear vein to see if increased temp rise (.5 C)
USP bacterial endotoxin test (Limulus test) tests for coagulation (if coagulation then there is pyrogens) |
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what is the presense in blood or other tissues of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins
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sepsis
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w/o substance
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asceptic
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procedures used to maintain the sterility of the pharmaceutical dosage forms
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asceptipc technique
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an unexpected and undesirable effect caused by a drug
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adverse drug reaction
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bactericidal agent does what
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can kill bacteria (EX penicillin)
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a bacteriostatic agent does what
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slows down bacteria growth (EX erythromycin)
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what is the fluid that is used to dissolve drugs that were in solid form
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diluent
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substance that is dissolved in substance (solid/liquid)
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solute
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substance used to dissolve another substance
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solvent
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USP stands for
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united states pharmacopeia (1942)
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SVP
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small volume parenteral
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LVP
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lage volume parenteral
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what is the delivery of a 2 dgree IV solution from another source into an existing large volume IV solution
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piggy back
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Intravenous (IV) properties
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given directily into vein
can't reverse onset which is rapid svp and lvp can be given this way results are predictable |
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Intramuscular (IM)
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given into muscle
gluetal region (5 ml MAX) deltoid region (2ml MAX) onset not as fast as IV but can provide prolonged effect suspensions given this way due to their sustained action Z track injections |
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Subcutaneous route (SC)
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right below skin into loose connective tissue/fatty tissue
drug effects not as rapid as IM but more rapid than oral SVP only rotate sites if frequently given EX insulin |
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how much is the volume of SVP and LVP
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SVP less than or equal to 100 ml
LVP greater than 100 mL |
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Intradermal route
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supraficial larger skin
slow absorption used for small volumes EX TB, allergy testing |
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intra arterial
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right directly into artery
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intra articular
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into joint-pain, collagen
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intrasynovial
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into joint fluid area
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intrathecal
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into spinal fluid area
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intracardiac
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into heart
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intra abdominal
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priotoneal cavity
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intra lesional
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administered right into lesion
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intrapleural
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administration into pleural cavity of the lung
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injection of LVP into SQ tissue to provide continues abundant drug supply
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hypodermaclysis (UP to 1 L)
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administration into space surrounding the dura
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epidural
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intra ocular
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administration into some area of the eye
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ADVANTAGES OF PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
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onset of drug action (great for emergencies such as heart attack)
absorption of drug (drugs that are metabolized orally can be given this way since Parenteral avoids 1st pass) patient unable to take medication by mouth (babies, pregnant women, unconcious, nausea vomitting) drug unsuitable for oral administration (insulin) |
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DISADVANTAGES OF PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
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1) if effect of drug is adverse side effect can be magnified if given by IV
2) painful for patient 3) need special supplies/skills (only nurse can give IV not RX) 4) infection from punctured skin 5)rapid distribution throughout blood stream 6) once injected hard to stop drug from producing effect |
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Hazards of parenteral drug therapy (Local complications) - at site of injection
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infiltration
extravasation local infection phlebitis thrombophlebitis paint at injection site thrombosis |
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infiltration
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substance penetrates into surrounding tissue
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extravasation
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substance escapes from the vein into the tissue
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local infection
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didn't clean injection site
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thrombophlebitis
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clotting and inflamation of the vein
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phlebitis
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inflammation of the vein
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thrombosis
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clot formtion
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Hazards of parenteral drug therapy (systemic complications) - in blood stream
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allergic reaction to drug
septicemia or bacteremia air embolism circulatory overload |
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septicemia or bacteremia
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when bacteria present in blood
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air embolism
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if air pockets get into blood stream
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CIRCULATORY OVERLOAD
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if patient kidney can only handle 500 ml of drug but you give them 1 L
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what year was the National Coordinating Committee on LVP created under FDA
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1972
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what year was the FDA Modernization Act of 1997 passed and what did it do
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1998
defined limits of compounding |
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what did USP chapter 797 do and when was it passed
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2004
requirements for compounding sterile preparations |
