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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cerebrum |
Most rostral part of brain Made up of two cerebral hemispheres which cover the diencephalon and the rostral brainstem Accounts for 83% of brain mass Fissures : deep groves , which seperate major regions of the brain Longitudinal fissure : seperates cerebral hemispheres Transverse cerebral fissure : seperates cerebrum and cerebellum |
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Suli and gyri in cerebrum |
Sulci : shallow grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres Gyri : ridges of brain tissue between sulci Depper sulci divide cerebrum into five major lobes named for the skull bones overlying them |
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Deep sulci |
Central sulcus Lateral sulcus Parietal - occipital sulcus |
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Deep sulci divide cerebrum into five major lobes |
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe occipital lobe Temporal lobe Insula lobe |
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The cerebral hemispheres |
Central sulcus seperates frontal lobe and parietal lobe Central sulcus is bordered by precentral gyrus anteriorly and postcentral gyrus posteriorly Parieto-occipital sulcus seperates the occpital lobe from the parietal lobe Lateral sulcus seperates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobe Insula lobe is positioned deep within the lateral sulcus and forms part of its floor |
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Cerebrum structure |
Cerebral cortex ( gray matter ) Primary sensory area Sensory association areas Multimodal association areas Premotor cortex ( motor association cortex) Primary motor areas Cerebral white matter : commisures , association fibers , projection fibers Deep cerebral gray matter : basal ganglia , basal forebrain nuclei , claustrum |
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The cerebral cortex |
2-4 mm thick Folds in cortex triples its surface area Approximately 40% of brain mass Contains billion of neurons arranged in six layers Contain neuronal cell bodies , dendrites and very short unmyelinated axons but no fiber tracts Most sensory information is routed through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex |
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The cerebral cortex is home of our consious mind which enables us to |
Be aware of ourseleves and our sensations Initiate and control voluntary movments Communicate , understand and remember |
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Functional regions of the cerebral cortex |
Certain structurally seperate areas of the cerebral cortex perform distinct motor and sensory function However some higher mental function eg memory and languages are spread over large cortical area |
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Functional areas in cerebral cortex |
Primary sensory cortex - recieves sensory information resulting in awareness of the sensation Sensory association area - recieve information from primary sensory cortex and interpret (give meaning to) the sensory input Multimodal association area - reiceve input in parallel from multiple sensory assoication areas and intergrate and interpret the information aided by past experiences and develop a motor reponse Pre motor cortex - plans and coordinates complex movments and relays the plan to the primary motor cortex for implementation Primary motor cortex - enacts plan |
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Primary sensory area |
Primary somatosensory cortex Primary visual cortex Primary auditory cotex Vestibular (equalibirum ) cortex Gustatory ( taste) cotx Olfactory ( smell ) cotex Visceral sensory area |
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Sensory areas |
Cotical areas involved in conscious awareness of sensation are located in parts of the parietal lobes , temporal lobes and occpital lobes There is a distinct cortical area , a primary sensory cotex , for each major senses Each sense also has a sensory association cortex area adjacent to its primary sensory area |
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Primary somatosensory cortex |
Located along the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe Involved with the conscious awareness of general somatic senses |
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Primary somatosensory cortex : general somatic senses |
General somatic senses are percieved from skin and from proprioception of muscles and tendons including : Touch Pressure Vibration Pain Temperature |
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Spatial discrimination |
Sensory receptors in perihery relay signal through spinal cord , brain stem , thalamus and up to primary somatosensory cortex Cortical neurons process the information and identify the percise area in the body being stimulated Spatial discrimination ability to precisely locate a stimulus |
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Sensory homunculus |
Somatotopy: each region of the cortex recieves sensory stimuli from a specifi area of the body Sensory homunculus : a body map of the sensory cortex in the poscentral gyrus |
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Sensory homunculus |
The amount of somatosensory cortex devoted to a body region is related to the sensitivity ( number of sensory receptors/ area) of that region lips and fingertips are very sensitive body The primary sensory cortex is represented upside down with the head in the inferolateral part of the post central gyrus and the toes at the superomedial end Contralateral from sensory receptor to cortex |
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Sensory areas - Vestibular Cortex |
Processes information from the vestibular apparatus Responsible for conscious awareness of sense of balance ( position of head in space) Located in the posterior part of the insula lobe deep to the lateral sulcus |
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Sensory areas - Gustatory Cortex |
Processes taste stimuli from the tongue Function involved in the conscious awareness of taste stimuli Located in insula on the roof of the lateral sulcus |
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Sensory areas - Olfactory cotex |
Processes smell Olfactory nerves from the nasal cavitu transmit impulses to the olfactory cotex and provides conscious awareness of smells Lies on the medial aspect of the cerebrum in a small region called the piriform lobe which includes the hook like uncus |
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Sensory areas - Rhinencephalon |
Olfactory cortex is part of the brain called the rhinencephalon - nose brain Rhinencephalon includes parts of the cerebrum that recieve olfactory signals the piriform lobe , olfactory tracts and olfactory bulbs Connects to the limbic system in the brain which explains why smells trigger emotions Involved with conciously identifuing and recalling specific smells |
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Visceral sensory areas |
Location : deep within the lateral sulcus on the insola obe Recieves general sensory input (pain , pressure , hunger ) from abdominal and thoraic organs |
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Sensory areas : primary visual cortex |
Primary visual cortex location is deep within the calcarine sulus on the posterior and medial part of the occpitial lobe Damage to this area can cause blindness Largest of all sensory areas Recieves visual information that originiates from the retina Exhibits contralateral function First of a seires of areas processing visual input at a relatively basic level of putting sensory stimuli from the two eyes together and noting object orientation |
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Primary auditory cortex |
Sound waves excite receptors in the inner ear cochlea which tiggers impulse tramission to primary auditory cortex where conscious awareness of sound including loundness , rhytum and pitch is detected Location : superior edge of the temporal lobe |
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Cerebral cortex : Sensory association areas |
Somatosensory association cortex Visual association areas Auditory association areas |
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Somatosensory association cortex |
Lies posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex Integrates different sensory inputs eg touch and pressure from somatosensory cortex to understand sensation Draws upon stored memories of past sensory experiences eg ability to feel and recognize keys or coins in your pocket without looking at them |
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Visual association areas |
Surrond the primary visual areas and covers much of the occipital lobe Continues the processing of visual information by analyzing color , form and movment About 30 cortical areas for visual processing have been identified Complex visual processing extends into temporal and and parietal lobes Visual information proceeds anteriorly through these visual areas in two streams ( ventral and dorsal stream) |
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Ventral and Dorsal streams |
Dorsal stream " where" pathway Extends through the posterior parietal cotex to the post central gyrus Ventral stream "What " pathway Passes information into inferior part of the temporal lobe Responsible for recognizing objects , words , faces |
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Auditory association area |
Lies just posterior and lateral to the primary auditory cortex Permits evaluation of the different sounds such as a screech , thunder , or music and intergrates memories of past sounds Auditory stimuli are processed serially and in parallel along two pathways from the auditory association area to multimodal association areas |
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Auditory areas : two pathways |
Posterolateral pathway : "where " pathway through the parietal lobe to the lateral pre frontal cortex evaluates location of a stimulus Anterolateral pathway " what pathway" from the anterior temporal lobe to the inferior region of the frontal lobe ; process information related to sound identification |
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Wernicke's area |
In one hemisphere usually the left , the auditory association area overlaps with wernicke's area Wernicke's area includes superior posterior temporal lobe and inferior posterior parietal lobe Wernicke's area is a functional brain region involved in recognizing and understanding spoken words Damage to Wernicke's area interferes with the ability to comprehend speech |
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Cerebral cortex: multimodal association areas |
Posterior association area Anterior association area Limbic association area |
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Multimodal association areas |
Large areas of the cerebral cortex that recieves sensory input from multiple sensory modalities sensory association areas Make association between various kinds of sensory information Associates new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences and plan appropriate motor responses |
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Posterior association area |
Located at interface of visual , auditory and somatosensory association areas Intergrates sensory information from somatosensory , visual , and auditory association areas as well as proprioceptive senses and the vestibular apparatus into unified perception of the sensory input that allows awareness of spatial location of the body Information guides movement of one limbs through space and information is communicated to the anterior association area which dictates these motor movment |
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Posterior association area |
Related to language comprehension and speech Multiple language areas typically in left cerebral cortex surrounding the lateral sulcus involved with Wernicke's area ( speech comprehension) Lateral and inferior temporal lobe : coordination of auditory and visual aspect of language eg naming viewed objects and reading words Part of the insula deep to the lateral sulcus initiation of word articulation and recognition of sound sequences |
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Posterior association area |
areas in right cerebral hemisphere that correspond to the left hemisphere language area act in - creative interpretation of words -controlling emotional overtones of speech |
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Anterior association area |
A large region of the frontal lobe called the prefrontal cortex Intergrates information from all other association areas to plan and initiate motor responses Recieves processed sensory information from posterior assocition area and adjust motor outpur to respond appropriately Intergrates information with past experience through connection with the limbic association area Evaluates options and selects , plans and initiates an appropriate motor response |
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Anterior association area |
Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memeory for object recall tasks Solving complex multi task problems |
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Anterior association area |
Processes information and triggers the move to the next portion of the task eg relay of motor plans to the motor cortex for execution Three working memory areas Visual working memory Auditory working memory Executive area that manage interaction between both |
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Anterior association area |
Cognitive functioning , thinking perceiving intentionally remembering and recalling information Processing abstract ideas and reasoning and judgement Long term planning , complex problem solving Impulse control , mental flexibility , social skills Appreciation of humour , empathy and conscience linked to emotional limbic system and thus is related to mood |
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Anterior association area |
Developmentally , the anterior association area is one of the last parts of the brain to mature It is not fully formed until early adulthood , which explains why adolescents may exhibit poor judgement . |
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Limbic association area |
Located on medial side of frontal lobe Processes emotions in complex and personal and social interaction and guides emotional response Contributes to memory , emotions and motor response Intergrates input from other cortical areas to form memory Intergrates sensory and motor behavior with past experience Use past experience to influence future motor responses |
